On Saying Please Essay

Alfred George Gardiner (1865–1946), a British journalist and author, is highly regarded in the literary arena. From 1915 he contributed to The Star under the pseudonym (pen name) Alpha of the Plough. At the time, The Star had several anonymous essayists whose pseudonyms were the names of stars. Invited to choose the name of a star as a pseudonym he chose the name of the brightest (alpha) star in the constellation ‘the Plough’. His essays are uniformly elegant, graceful and humorous. His uniqueness lay in his ability to teach the basic truths of life in an easy and amusing manner. The Pillars of Society, Pebbles on the Shore, Many Furrows and Leaves in the Wind are some of his best known writings. Let’s read a highly edifying essay touching upon a very basic principle of life. Introduction Good Manners are of great value in human life. Bad manners are not a legal crime. But everybody dislikes a man with bad manners. Small courtesies win us a lot of friends. Words like ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ helps us in making our passage through life smooth. The law does not permit us to hit back if we are the victims of bad manners. But if we are threatened with physical violence, the law permits us some liberty of action. Bad manners create a chain reaction. Social practice demands politeness from us. A good mannered person will find that his work becomes e person will find that his work becomes easier by the ready co-operation that he gets from others. Summary This essay deals with little but socially important incident from daily life. It shows us the importance of word like please or thank you in our everyday life. They settle bitter quarrels and soften bad tempers. The damage done by an unkind word is more painful than physical injury. A lift-man in an office threw a passenger out of the lift as the latter was impolite. He did not use the word please while asking him to take him to the top. The author is of the opinion that discourtesy is not a legal offence. If a person knocks another person down because he has broken the law, the former will be  acquitted .But the liftman was in wrong because the law does not permit anybody to use violence, if another person is discourteous. Conclusion If we are uncivil, others also become uncivil. If we show good manners others will also behave well. A cheerful person can make a gloomiest person cheerful. The author feels that it is always better to be on the bus of that conductor when going from one place to another. It is sound investment to poses good manners. If words worth could get a lesson from the poor-leech gatherer, there is no harm in getting lessons from adperson like bus conductor who has good manners .War has affected civilities of life. But they must be got back to make life sweet, kindly and tolerable for each other. The law cannot help us to get them back, but it can only protect us against physical attack. We should be polite towards others so as to have a spiritual victory.

Change †Analysis of ‘Growing Old’ by Matthew Arnold Essay

Growing OldWhat is it to grow old?Is it to lose the glory of the form,The lustre of the eye?Is it for beauty to forego her wreath?Yes, but not for this alone. Is it to feel our strength -Not our bloom only, but our strength -decay?Is it to feel each limbGrow stiffer, every function less exact,Each nerve more weakly strung?Yes, this, and more! but not,Ah, ’tis not what in youth we dreamed ‘twould be!’Tis not to have our lifeMellowed and softened as with sunset-glow,A golden day’s decline!’Tis not to see the worldAs from a height, with rapt prophetic eyes,And heart profoundly stirred;And weep, and feel the fulness of the past,The years that are no more!It is to spend long daysAnd not once feel that we were ever young. It is to add, immuredIn the hot prison of the present, monthTo month with weary pain. It is to suffer this,And feel but half, and feebly, what we feel:Deep in our hidden heartFesters the dull remembrance of a change,But no emotion -none. It is -last stage of all -When we are frozen up within, and quiteThe phantom of ourselves,To hear the world applaud the hollow ghostWhich blamed the living man. Matthew ArnoldGrowing oldTitle: Growing oldText type: PoemComposer: Arnold, Matthew’Growing old’ is a poem which shows the changes everyone will eventually go through when ageing. It explores a person’s feelings towards old age, and how they change as a feeling of being old takes over. The composer sees growing old as much more than most people, he sees it as a loss of spirit and soul, and the last stage of humanity whereas many people associate growing old with a loss of attraction and energy. This can be seen when he addresses the old person as a ‘hollow ghost’ in the last verse. There are two aspects of change shown in this poem. A person can change physically such as appearance and can also change mentally such as thoughts  and feelings. Through age, our physical change is easily observed and is beyond our control. As we step into old age, we realise that we are less remarkable. What is it to grow old?Is it to lose the glory of the form,The lustre of the eye?Is it for beauty to forego her wreath?Yes, but not for this alone. The composer writes about the physical change which occurs through old age, but suggests that that is not all that changes. The composer also pinpoints on the desolation and tiresomeness suffered through the process of old age and creates a feeling that it is almost the end of the road for a person’s life, â€Å"A golden day’s decline!†Even though an old person is still living, their spirit no longer remains. How the old person now looks at life is very different to how he/she looked at life when he/she was young, looking backwards at life as opposed to looking forward. ‘Tis not to see the worldAs from a height, with rapt prophetic eyes,And heart profoundly stirred;And weep, and feel the fullness of the past,The years that are no more!The composer suggests that living in old age is tedious and tiresome, quietly waiting day after day for the same thing. Our spirit which was once shining brightly is now like a dimmed candle, waiting, slowly, to be blown out. At old age, all we have left to live off of are the memories of a time when things changed for us, a life which was more hopeful than the one we are now living, where we are always awaiting a change in our life. It is to suffer this,And feel but half, and feebly, what we feel:Deep in our hidden heartFesters the dull remembrance of a change,But no emotion -none. In this poem, old age feels as though a trap is placed on us, keeping us away from opportunity and joy. This is felt when we begin to feel old. We are only released from this trap when we let go of this world, being at the â€Å"last stage† of humanity. â€Å"The phantom of ourselves†, suggests that we are what we want to be, if we set out to be lonely in our old age, we will only expect to be lonely. It is -last stage of all -When we are frozen up within, and quiteThe phantom of ourselves,To hear the world applause the hollow ghostWhich blamed the living man. From this text, I have learnt that old age is not what affects us. It is our mentality that affects us the most. Even when it is close to the end of the journey for us, we can still choose the type of life we want to live. We can choose to have a joyous end from this world, so it doesn’t have to be long days of â€Å"weary pain†.

Case Analysis: Mcdonald’s and the Hindu Culture

Case Analysis: McDonald’s and Hindu Culture Julia Evans Misericordia University Case Analysis: McDonald’s and Hindu Culture The case study discusses the struggles that McDonalds faced when it began to do business in India. The Hindu culture prohibits the consumption of beef because they look at the cow as being a sacred animal. In addition, India has a large Muslim population whose religion prohibits the consumption of pork products. These limitations completely contradict the traditional menu that McDonald’s has perfected.McDonalds had to find a way to accommodate these limitations and still be appealing to the Indian consumers. McDonalds created a version of the Big Mac that was made with chicken. McDonalds also created an extensive vegetarian menu. Just when they thought they perfected this they were sued for using beef products in their french fries. Concentrating on the other parts of their menu they overlooked a beef additive to their French fries. This pro ved to be a large mistake by McDonalds.It is surprising that McDonalds was as well received as it was. The Indian consumers could have boycotted the fast food chain because of the use of beef in their restaurants in countries other than India. McDonalds took a large gamble trying to accommodate Indian palates. Localization of products is the key strategy that international firms should do to maintain a customer base in other countries. Foreign ventures are very expensive and included in this cost is the cost of streamlining products and services to the local tastes and traditions.Without this streamlining the products may not be successful. Sometimes the people of other areas of the world may not even know what to do with a product unless it is customized to their way of life. McDonalds was lucky that their mistake of not eliminating beef products in their French fries didn’t taint their standing in India forever. They had their popularity in other parts of their world to kee p them afloat. Indian parents enjoyed taking their children to have an American experience and heir efforts to eliminate beef and pork kept their restaurants appealing to Indian consumers. If McDonalds could have avoided the mistake of leaving the beef in their French fries maybe Indian consumers would have considered not going a day without having a McDonald’s chicken burger. Works Cited Hill, C. W. (2009). McDonalds and Hindu Culture. In C. W. Hill, International Business (p. 103). New York: McGraw-Hill Company.

UNHAPPY RELATIONSHIPS IN HEMINGWAY'S LIFE AND FICTION Essay

UNHAPPY RELATIONSHIPS IN HEMINGWAY'S LIFE AND FICTION - Essay Example He believed in omitting extra details as a way of strengthening his stories. He compared this to an iceberg. Just like only the top 1/8th of an iceberg can be seen above the water with the rest remaining below the surface providing it with its momentum and dignity, Hemingway believed his stories should follow the same structure. Although some critics loved him, others said his stories were shallow. â€Å"He had no sympathy for women, they said, portraying them either as manhood-destroying bitches or as mere objects of sexual domination† (Lynn, 1987, p. 10). A close reading of his stories reveals not only the messages the author intended to send, but also some insights as to the way he felt about things. Throughout his life, Hemingway struggled in his relationships with others, particularly women, and these struggles can be traced through many of his works including â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, â€Å"The Short and Happy Life of Francis Macomber† and â€Å"S nows of Kilimajaro.† There are numerous similarities between the short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and Hemingway’s life at the time he wrote it. According to Baker (1969), Hemingway wrote this story during the 100 day separation period between himself and his mistress Pauline that his wife Hadley insisted upon before granted a divorce. The story is essentially the conversation that takes place between a man and a woman at a small train station cafà © as they wait for their next train. One of the first indications that perhaps things are not right with the couple is the fact that they are drinking beers in the middle of the day. While this is not necessarily an indication of trouble, the emphasis on ‘big ones’ and the observation of the girl â€Å"looking off at the line of hills† observing that â€Å"they look like white elephants† (Hemingway, 1986: 273) begins to suggest the general direction of the story about to unfold. As the man

Annotated Bibliography and Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

And Thesis - Annotated Bibliography Example The US government role in Vietnam was to offer the Vietnam government with much needed military help in order to enable it overcomes the guerrilla leaders who wanted to advance the communist agenda. In addition, the government wanted to create a country that was viable and one that upheld the democratic views. However, I think the role of US in Vietnam was one of its foreign strategies to cement its dominance in other parts of the world. The Vietnam War was used by US to test its military strength and response of the Soviet Union on matters of national interest. However, after the eruption of war, the US government was unable to withdraw on time as the opposition groups in Vietnam responded vigorously. With the marine being unfamiliar with the local terrain, they suffered heavy casualties. Nevertheless, retreating from this war would have encouraged the Soviet that the US is weakening militarily, an aspect that would have created more space for Soviet insurgence. I think the fear that the Soviet could gain ground in Vietnam made the United State intensify its military aid towards Vietnam. President John F. Kennedy believed that the US has a mandate of preventing the communist-led insurgencies from subverting and overthrowing the shaky new government of Vietnam. Therefore, it offered itself to help Vietnam establish its authority in the land through strengthening its financial and military position in the country. However, this did not auger well with the Diem who tried to seek help from communist countries in order to reduce US insurgence. This led to eruption of war that was sparked by ideological differences. Nevertheless, I think US was not well prepared to fight this war. Instead, its initial strategy is to play an outside role in stabilizing the Vietnam government. The Role of US in Vietnam was to reduce the influence of the Soviet Union in the land. In

America's intervention in Syria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

America's intervention in Syria - Essay Example America has previously intervened in other crisis like this such as in Egypt and Iraq though Syria’s case has been complicated by failure of China and Russia to adopt a resolution by the United Nation’s Security Council. This paper therefore recommends against military intervention but a diplomatic and politically negotiated solution for the benefit of both Syrians and America. Introduction The uprising in Tunisia ignited the turning point in the leadership of many Arab countries. In what begun within the social media, it is now clear that the uprising in Tunisia was a significant event in the Arab spring. It took only one year since this uprising begun in Tunisia and now Syrians are fighting to overthrow the Damascus regime led by their authoritarian leader Bashar al-Assad. Despite the many deaths that have occurred in other countries such as Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt due to the same fight against dictatorship, innocent Syrians continue to die. It is also important to note that Syrians who are persistently seeking to overthrow the government and Bashar regime has constantly faced severely and violent crackdown from him. The increasing violent attack on Syrians by Bashar regime has not only led to the death of many Syrians, but has presented a serious humanitarian crisis in the nation. . As stated by (), the number of Syrians who have died in the violence stand at seven thousand since the beginning of the violence in March this year. Moreover, the matter has been complicated further by the rejection by China and Russia to adopt a resolution on the matter by the United Nation’s Security Council. Although the certain interventions have been successful in the past like in Libya where dictator Gadhafi was brought down, intervention in Syria is tricky and the feasibility of United States intervention is in question. Background of the Study and History Syria is an Arab nation found along the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea within the Middl e East. This nation is very diverse in terms of both ethnicity and religious even though many citizens of the nation are Sunni Arab Muslims. Civilization has taken place in different nations since many years and centuries, however, Syria can be rated as very young in terms of civilization. Although its boarders were drawn over a hundred years ago by the European colony, it has not adopted the modern democracy with regards to national governance. Currently, the nation is in the center of a serious humanitarian crisis resulting from violence between government forces and National Coalition of Revolution and other militia groups (Hasan, 2012). The conflict in Syria begun when the peaceful protesters mainly inspired by revolution in both Tunisia and Egypt begun challenging the dictatorial regime led by Assad in late March 2011 (Unham, 2013). The response from the government was not only severe, but exhibited the highest level of atrocity never witnesses in the country. The government be gun raping, kidnapping, killing and torturing activists as well as their family members. This never deterred many protesters but only served to energize their operations. The government then directed and increased atrocities to small children and women mutilating their bodies and dumping by the roadsides (Unham, 2013). When military begun shooting direct on the protesters, the civilian responded by shooting back thus the fighting escalated from a mere protest into civil war. The year 2012 marked the midst of highest atrocities ever

Real Estate Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Real Estate Development - Essay Example Graaskamp emphasized that developers have a role to play in making social impacts on the community (Greer 34). The real estate decisions they make impact greatly on how the environment of neighborhood will turn out. The developers have to find ways of breaking past constraints to come up with real estate solutions that are favorable to the neighborhood. Graaskamp definition of project feasibility by stating that â€Å"a real estate project is feasible when the real estate analyst determines that there is a reasonable likelihood of satisfying explicit objectives when a selected course of action is tested for fit to a context of specific constraints and limited resources† (Graaskamp 515). Graaskamp’s concept of project feasibility is important in focusing on the assumptions that are involved in the decision to make real estate developments. By considering project feasibility, developers have a chance of making real estate decisions that are beneficial for the market and the investors as well (Etter 95). In real estate development, the term market is used to describe feasibility study refers to the evaluation of a project’s practicability. The feasibility study is normally carried out on the expected cost, operating performance and mortgage market conditions. A project’s feasibility study consists of a financial and market analysis (Graaskamp 517). This study is important as it helps developers establish whether or not a proposed project has the ability to generate enough cash to pay loans and construction debt services as well as provide enough equity capital return. A project feasibility study aims at answering the following questions: what is the developer doing? Who is he doing it for? Whom will he affect? Does the project make financial sense? (520) A market study is described by Graaskamp as the analysis of geographic fragmentation patterns, trends and

Customer Service Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customer Service - Assignment Example Customer service policy explains the code of conduct for employees; that is what they can do for customers and what they cannot do. The main purpose of evaluating the performance of customer service policy is to identify the ways through which customer satisfaction can be increased. Customer service policy is designed to assist employees by providing them guidelines on how to deal with customers and satisfy their needs. Customer service policy evaluation provides information to the management about the lacking in customer service policy and ways to make constructive changes in policy design and execution (Kim, Haung, & Young-Gul 3). The information collected through the customer service policy evaluation helps organization to understand the difference between actual employees’ performance and the predetermined standards. Customer service policy evaluation supports an organization in planning staff training and development programs. It provides accurate information about the job description of customer service employees and their training requirements. Effective evaluations provides information about the areas in which employees need training and management, design future training programs on the basis of collected information (Lawler et. Al 21). Effective and responsive customer service provision helps organization to exceed customer satisfaction and creates superior customer relationship (Lakos, and Phipps 5). Customer perception is influenced by providing better services to them. Post purchase services plays vital role in increasing customer satisfaction. Organizations that assure post purchase services are considered good where as those organizations who fail to deliver post purchase services lose its customers and market share. Setting customer service standards and evaluating them helps organizations to ensure that its customer relationship employees are working according to the requirements and policies. Companies whose customer care

CSR for business managers, stakeholders and society Research Paper

CSR for business managers, stakeholders and society - Research Paper Example Therefore it is the duty of the companies to work in accordance with the interests of the community and environment. However, only few companies are strictly observing CSR in practice, even though most of the companies agree with CSR in principle. This paper analyses the reputation of Coca Cola in terms of corporate social responsibility. Description of the company Operating in more than 200 countries worldwide, the American company Coca cola is one among the largest soft drink manufacturers in the world at present. â€Å"In May, 1886, Coca Cola was invented by Doctor John Pemberton a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. Today, products of the Coca Cola Company are consumed at the rate of more than one billion drinks per day† (Bellis). Even though PepsiCo is causing some serious challenges to Coca Cola in some part of the world, Coca Cola is able to maintain its superiority in most of the regions in the world. Issue Identification According to Jeff Seabright, The Coca-Cola Compan y's vice president of environment and water resources, â€Å"sustainability begins with the simple act of paying attention. You can't manage what you can't measure"(Making Sustainability the Real Thing). In other words, Coca Cola is well aware of the importance of concepts such as corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. However, the accusations against Coca Cola with respect to the violation of social responsibility are growing across the world. ... People from Kerala (India’s southernmost state) have recently conducted an agitation against the underwater exploitation by Coca Cola. Villagers near Plachimada, Kerala faced severe drinking water shortage because of Coca Cola’s uncontrolled underwater exploitation. Coca Cola forced to close down their plant at Plachimada because of the public agitation against them (EMJ). Significance of the Issue Drinking water shortage is one of the major problems facing by people all over the world. Because of injudicious farming activities and heavy industrialization, majority of the water resources such as rivers and streams were polluted in most parts of the world. As a result of that current generation is relying heavily on underwater resources for their drinking needs. Coca Cola like soft drink manufacturers is exploiting these resources and the people near the soft drink bottling plants are struggling to get enough drinking water from the nature. Stakeholder identification Som e of the major stakeholders of Coca Cola Company are; ordinary people, Coca Cola employees, shareholders in Coca Cola, government and local bodies. On one side, Coca Cola is trying to make profit and safeguard the interests of the company management and the shareholders. On the other side, ordinary people lose their drinking water resources and the government and local bodies struggle to take proper actions. It should be noted that as part of free trade agreements, it is the duty of the government of India to prepare enough facilities to Coca Cola like companies. Moreover, Indian government is currently trying to attract foreign direct investment at any cost to stimulate economic growth. The investments by Coca Cola would definitely help

Her Lifestory Essay Example for Free

Her Lifestory Essay Now you can see how successful Concepcion Baylock is. At the age of 12 the young Concepcion was already away from her family and lived with her relatives in order to have a good education. Living with her relatives is not that easy, she had to do the household chores for them to let her stay, and she goes to school at the same time. At a very young age Concepcion showed her diligence in everything she does. When the time her grandparents took her, Concepcion’s life changed because they treat her nicely and they were good to her. However she still tried to help doing the chores because she wanted to thank them, in that simple way she showed her grandparents how thankful she is. As a teenager Concepcion supposed to be hanging out with her friends going to movies, parties, and outings. However she missed this, she would rather save her money that was given by her grandparents. She doesn’t even buy new things. When she was still in her senior years in high school she already worked by teaching grade school student. Later on she worked as a telephone operator in the United States Naval force in Subic. While she was working she married an irresponsible man, he just let Concepcion doing all the work. Good thing Concepcion successfully gets out of this marriage. She had a child with this unsuccessful marriage. Years later, Concepcion married again with an American who she had a four children. He is the one who helped her to put up her first business, they had a jeepney and taxi concession. When her business succeeded she put up her second business a four-storey hotel, which later on turned out to be a combined hotel, night club, and restaurant. Her ventures succeeded, but she remembers that before she married her second husband she faced many disapproval regarding in her plan f having a business. She never let this bring her down, despite she used this as challenge to pursue more. Concepcion was not still contented; she pursue her education in Manila. She managed to raise her children and run a business at the same time while she was studying. She had a very hectic schedule; she only had around four hours of sleep every day. After she finished her degree in commerce, she proceed to law, and then to a master’s in public administration, and a doctorate in commerce. Concepcion Blaylock is now a president and chairman of Diamond Motors Corporation. As an entrepreneur and a manager Conception knows how to deal with different type of people. She knew how to treat her people properly. She never hesitates to help them, especially those who showed loyalty to her and to the business. She never forgets to credit the companies who trust her. She always makes sure to maintain their trust to her. She never abused her creditor, who trusts her. Today, when Concepcion Blaylock looks back at her past she was very thankful for such an experience that she had. She was very grateful with the things that challenged her more to do more and thought her to be strong. A. Cultural Values| Manifestation of the Value| 1. Frugality (katipiran)| As a child, she saved money rather than buy new things; as an adult, did not immediately buy a car even though she can afford it. | 2. Risk taking (lakas ng loob)| She pursue her plan of having a business even though she knew that she don’t have any formal orientation in running a business. | 3. Amor Propio (utang na loob)| She never hesitates helping her staff especially those who have proven loyalty and commitment. 4. Harmonious labor management relations| She makes it to a point to compensate her people generously with profit sharing schemes and other benefits. | 5. Diligence (sipag)| At a young age, she already attributed this trait, she do the housemaid works and study at the same time. | 6. Endurance (pagkamtiisin)| She was already away with her family at an early age, for her to have a good educ ation. She never let this be a reason for not to achieve her goals, instead she makes this as her inspiration. | B. As a Filipino we were brought up by our parents to have a sense of adventure (pakikipagsapalaran) that is big help in venturing a business. Filipinos were not afraid of trying new things , we intend to be a risk taker. We usually put in our mind that God will help us in everything we do, that is a â€Å"bahala na† attitude. â€Å"Bahala na† attitude is not that bad because we do our part, but we just hope for the guidance and help of God. We Filipinos are well known of having a good relationship to people such as being family oriented and â€Å"pakikipagkapwa†. Filipinos are naturally have a close family ties. This trait is a good thing when you are in a business. Our family serves as our strength because we knew that they will be always be there to support us. They are the one who inspires us to do our best. Filipinos also exhibits the trait of being good to the people around us. This trait really plays a big role in how Filipino entrepreneur manages their people very well. Yes, the Filipino culture and values that were instill in us really help in building our entrepreneurial spirit.

Criminal Justice Issues in Democratic Society

Criminal Justice Issues in Democratic Society What are the major crime control or major criminal justice issues that face advanced democracies? Advanced democracies are mainly based around the liberal social democratic model which places a high value on the idea of human rights and freedom of choice across a wide spectrum of human activities (Bevir, M. (2005) 1-10) (Choongh, S. (1997) Ch. 1) (Fennell, P., Harding, C., Jà ¶rg, N. and Swart, B. (1995) Chap. 1). This emphasis on human rights extends into the field of criminal justice which is an essential component of any advanced democracy (Coates, R., Davis, G., Messmer, H. and Umbreit, M. (1992) 1-5) (Cochrane, J., Marsh, I. and Melville, G. (2004) 1-5). This typically involves a concept of crime control which aims to protect society from violence and violent offenders as well as punishing criminals for infringing the law (Ashworth, A. (2006) 1-5) (Bean, P. (2004) Ch. 1) (Fielding, N. (1995) Ch. 1). However, this focus creates problems because the rights of the victim will also have to be counterbalanced against the rights of the defendant. Often there are conflicting interests at stake and it is often the rights that the rights of the criminal are resolved at the detriment of the victim of the crime, or vice versa (Allan, T. (1994) 1-5) (Ashworth, A. (2006) 1-5) (Bean, P. (2004) Ch. 1). A good starting point for a discussion of the major issues which affect criminal justice is a discussion of what the purpose of a criminal justice system is in advanced democracies. The criminal justice system imposes sanctions on people who are deemed to have broken the law. It is based on independent principles, and there is a mechanism which involves an independent tribunal of enquiry into whether or not a person broke the law. The test of whether a person has broken the law usually involves whether or not a prosecuting authority can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the person concerned infringed the law. Therefore the purpose of the criminal justice system is twofold; it involves the identification of criminals, and it operates to impose fair and consistent sanctions on those who have broken the law, in an effort to protect society form criminal activity and to give the victim a measure of peace of mind and sense that justice has been served in the measure of punishment which has been imposed. However, in a sense the abstracted concept of the purpose and functionality of the criminal justice system is quite far apart from the actual translation of these principles ‘on the ground’ so to speak. This difficulty has led many to question to approaches which have been taken to criminal justice issues within various advanced democracies. This has given rise to a body of debate as to which approach is better and for what reasons. The main crime control and criminal justice issues which are tied up within a complex lexis of sociological, political and legal factors (Dixon, J. and Macarov, D. (1998) Chap. 1) (McLaughlin, Ferguson, Hughes and Westmarland (2003-2004) Chap. 1), which emanate from this political background (Bevir, M. (2005) 1-10) (Choo, A. (1993) 1-5) (Choongh, S. (1997) Ch. 1). There are issues such as deprivation, social exclusion, poverty, drug addiction, prostitution, rising population, youth deprivation, violence and unemployment which all have a role to play in influencing the criminal justice system (Coxall, B. and Robins, L. (1998) Chap 1 and 2) (Denver, D., King, A., McLean, I., Norris, P., Norton, P., Sanders, D. and Seyd, P. (1998) 1-5) and the issues which form part of its application within advanced democracies (Allan, T. (1994) 1-5) (Ashworth, A. (2006) 1-5) (Bean, P. (2004) Ch. 1). This essay will attempt to extract themes from this background and discuss them with reference to the q uestion. So how is it possible to extract themes from this background, and to identify them as major criminal justice issues? Perhaps it is important to emphasis that this is a subjective exercise and any list of major criminal justice issues will necessarily not be an exhaustive list. Nevertheless it is possible to surmise what the most important themes would be. The purpose and function of punishment is a major criminal justice issue. What may be achieved through the punishment of the offender?; should the law have a pragmatic approach which aims to find the best possible solution in this regard for society at large?; or should the focus be more microcosmic and focus on the individual needs of the victim, and how they feel in relation to their experience of the results of crime? These are all questions which must be addressed in addressing this as a major criminal justice theme in relation to criminal justice in advanced democracies. The issue of crime control is also a major theme for the purpose of criminal justice in advanced democracies. How should one approach the detection of crime; should one have a utilitarian or a deontological perspective on how terrorism should be detected and prevented? and how important are human rights within the process? Should human rights be sacrificed for the purposes of preventing further terrorist attacks ? These are all very important questions which will be explored in examining this issue. One major theme which affects societies in advanced democracies is the debate as to whether punishment should be aimed more at retribution, or rehabilitation of the offender (Bevir, M. (2005) 1-10) (Singer, P. (1990) 1-20) (Marshall, T. (1999) 1). This is a difficult question to approach. It is clear that the UK for example has taken an approach which comes down firmly in favour of the rehabilitation of the offender (Allan, T. (1994) 1-5) (Ashworth, A. (2006) 1-5). It is difficult to speculate as to why this is the case, however if we are to draw perspective from the current sociological climate it is correct to tie this rationale to the fact that prison populations are expanding beyond control in the UK, and the government have had to impose strategies which reduce this problem. As Cochrane, J., Marsh, I. and Melville, G. (2004) surmise: ‘†¦.newer, harsher initiatives have similarly had little effect on the size of the prison population or on rates of recidivism. Without going into great detail, some overall figures will help illustrate the pressures on the prison system in Britain and provide a context for considering the different philosophies of punishment. The prison population in Britain has continued to rise pretty steadily over the past few decades, with over 71,000 people in Prison Service establishments in 2002 (Home Office data, Social Trends 33, 2003). The number of people given immediate custodial sentences in 1999 was over 105,000 compared to just under 80,000 four years previously (Home Office data, Annual Abstract of Statistics, 2002)†¦ (Cochrane, J., Marsh, I. and Melville, G. (2004) 4)’. One strategy therefore is to impose more community based penalties on offenders, such as tagging of offenders, curfews, drugs and alcohol addiction programmes and suspended sentences on criminals rather than prison based sentences, which are often regarded as the last resort (Singer, P. (1990) 1-20) (Marshall, T. (1999) 1). Contrast this approach with the approach taken in America where crime control is probably more retributionist than the UK system. The presence of the death penalty in some states in America evidences this contrast. Proponents of each system offer various justifications for their favoured approach. Proponents of the American system would argue that stiffer penalties deter criminals from engaging in repetitive patterns of criminal activity. Conversely, proponents of the approach taken in the UK would argue that the prison system simply perpetuates the problems associated with repeat offending (Cohen, M. (2005) 1-5) (Davies, M., Croall, H. and Tyrer, J. (2005) Chap.1) since in this system a person is more likely to be sent to prison for relatively minor offences. When in the prison population these individuals are exposed to more hardened criminals from whom they can become associated with or learn more sinister patterns of criminal activity. For this reason, it is argued that the system which focuses less on retribution and more on offender rehabilitation is more effective at reducing levels of crime in society since criminals are kept away from these situations where more hardened patterns of cr iminal propensity can be formed. Another problem which faces advanced democracies are problems associated with terrorism, and how the criminal justice system should handle the detection of and the punishment of crimes associated with extreme forms of terrorism. The impact of the September 11th attacks in America, and the London underground attacks launched on the West by Al Qaeda have become benchmarks for a renewed terrorist campaign against advanced democracies in the West, and extreme Muslim terrorist groups. The approach to terrorism in the UK has been focused simultaneously on the detection of crime, greater public awareness of the problems of terrorism and an appeal to moderate sectors of the Muslim community, whereas most of the measures which we have seen formulated as the Patriot Act in America have focused on bolstering the security services with more powers to detect terrorist related crime. An example which highlights this contrast between the two systems can be found by looking at the development of powers relating to the control of terrorism in advanced democracies. In the UK for example, the approach may be characterised colloquially as ‘softly, softly’. There was a huge public outcry when an innocent man was shot dead on the underground system shortly after the July attacks on the Underground system. This can be contrasted with the system in America which allows law enforcement officials to carry guns and where armed clashes are more likely to occur as a result. In the UK new powers are being debated which extend the powers of police officers to question suspects of terrorism. The system as it stands does not permit officers to question a suspect after charges have been brought. This is seen as the end of the matter. However, police are to be allowed in future to question terrorism suspects long after charges have been brought. These new powers are seen as useful particularly in complex cases where large amounts of evidence have been gathered in the investigation. This new law also reflects the growing sophistication of terrorism which now can be aided through laptops and sophisticated technology which stores information in an encrypted form. The laws in England have also controversially been extended to extend the amount of time a terrorism suspect can be detained without charge. The government’s efforts to secure 90 days for the police to hold terrorism suspects without charge were defeated in the Commons. This can be sharply contrasted with the American system, which has secured powers to hold detainees in Guantanamo Bay without charge and indefinitely. The strength of feeing about 9/11 in America has given this more oppressive system germination and propelled it now, even when more than three years have passed since the attacks on the twin towers. Therefore we can see a dichotomy emerging also which highlights a disconnect between these two examples of how criminal justices themes have emerged as divergent within the spectrum of advanced democracies. To turn now to further examples of criminal justice issues in advanced democracies, these have in many ways highlighted similar issues. Major criminal justice themes have been approached differently in other advanced democracies such as those in continental Europe. Many European countries for example have seen their foreign policy as linked with their efforts to structure the criminal justice system. The troop withdrawal from Iraq and the effects which were projected in relation to this have influenced what is important within these criminal justice systems. Advanced democracies such as India have also had their criminal justice systems influenced by the issues of terrorism and associated crime control. The Indian system sees the shape of their criminal justice system with respect to the detection of terrorism as having a considerable impact upon their ability to forge relationships with actors in the West with whom a political alliance can be economically advantageous. In conclusion this essay has examined the criminal justice system issues which have moved to the forefront of the political and legal agenda in advanced democracies. The issues of social exclusion, the debate about whether retribution or rehabilitation should be the focus of the efforts of the criminal justice system and the approaches taken to terrorism and the new brand of terrorism which has been seen recently have all been evaluated. The diversity which is involved in assessing the contributions and effects of criminal justice issues across different advanced democratic systems shows us how difficult it is to make generalisations about what issues are major in the area of criminal justice. This essay has attempted to extrapolate what themes may be important generally within different advanced democracies. The difference in how each issue develops and manifests itself has been highlighted in the essay. Bibliography Books Allan, T. (1994) Law, Liberty, and Justice: The Legal Foundations of British Constitutionalism. Publisher: Oxford University. Place of Publication: Oxford. Ashworth, A. (2006) Principles of Criminal Law. Publisher: Oxford University Press. Place of Publication: Oxford. Bean, P. (2004) Drugs and Crime. Publisher: Willan Publishing. Place of Publication: UK. Bevir, M. (2005). New Labour: A Critique. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Choo, A. (1993) Abuse of Process and Judicial Stays of Criminal Proceedings. Publisher: Oxford University. Place of Publication: Oxford. Choongh, S. (1997) Policing as Social Discipline. Publisher: Clarendon Press Oxford. Place of Publication: Oxford. Christie, N. (2004) A Suitable Amount of Crime. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York. Coates, R., Davis, G., Messmer, H. and Umbreit, M. (1992) Making Amends: Mediation and Reparation in Criminal Justice. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York. Cochrane, J., Marsh, I. and Melville, G. (2004) Criminal Justice: An Introduction to Philosophies, Theories and Practice. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Cohen, M. (2005) The Costs of Crime and Justice. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York. Coxall, B. and Robins, L. (1998) British Politics Since the War. Palgrave. London. Davies, M., Croall, H. and Tyrer, J. (2005) An Introduction to The Criminal Justice System in England and Wales. Publisher: Longman: Place of Publication: London. Denver, D., King, A., McLean, I., Norris, P., Norton, P., Sanders, D. and Seyd, P. (1998) New Labour Triumphs: Britain at the Polls. Publisher: Chatham House Publishers. Place of Publication: Chatham, NJ. Dixon, J. and Macarov, D. (1998) Poverty: A Persistent Global Reality. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Fennell, P., Harding, C., Jà ¶rg, N. and Swart, B. (1995) Criminal Justice in Europe: A Comparative Study. Publisher: Clarendon Press. Place of Publication: Oxford. Fielding, N. (1995). Community Policing. Publisher: Clarendon Press. Place of Publication: Oxford. McLaughlin, Ferguson, Hughes and Westmarland (2003-2004) Restorative Justice critical issues. Publisher: Sage Publications. Place of publication: UK. Singer, P. (1990) A companion to ethics. Publisher: Blackwell. Place of publication: Oxford. Articles Marshall, T. (1999) Restorative justice: an overview. Publisher: The Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Place of publication: UK. Websites Used http://www.restorativejustice.org.uk/?Glossary

Does Crime And Violence Affect The Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

Does Crime And Violence Affect The Tourism Industry Tourism Essay This group assignment will discuss the impact of crime and violence on the tourism industry in Jamaica using statistical data such as graphs, charts and figures to support our factual findings. The purpose of this report is to show whether crime and violence will affect Jamaica potential investments in the near future or in the present, also if this factor affects the different sectors of tourism which include entertainment, sports, health, and food amongst others. These facts and statistics are taken from a variety of sites, which include the Gleaner, Statinja and other sites stated in the reference of the report. What is Crime and Violence? There are many definitions for both Crime and Violence. What is crime? Crime is a harmful action, omission or an activity considered to be evil shameful or wrong which is against a person or a country. It is also an illegal act which or can be punished by law. What is Violence? Violence is a behaviour that involves the use of physical force which unlawfully exercised towards property and or persons, situations like these; may cause intentions which may lend to the killing or hurting of someone. What is Tourism? Tourism is an activity which an individual or a group of individuals, that leads to the movement from one place to another within a country, or from one country to another. This happens due to the performing of specific tasks or the awareness that the particular place have to offer like its civilization and culture and also the increase of knowledge about the country and its culture and history. The different types of Crime and Violence When it comes on to Crime and Violence there are many different types because every day there is something new that doesnt falls under the previous types of crime and violence. Lets starts off with the different types of Crime. There are many but just to name a few: Crime against Persons -includes rape, robbery and murder etc. Crime against Property- this is self-explanatory, theft of home without harm such as body burglary larceny and etc. Crime against Morality- may include illegal gambling, illegal use of drugs. White-Collar Crime- committed by people in high social status against people of the same status like embezzling (stealing money from employees) The type of Violence: Physical Violence- is the intention with the use of physical force which in the ended injury, harm, death or even disability may occur. Sexual Violence- takes place without consent or understanding. Psychological/Emotion Violence- may involve trauma of a victim cause by threats of acts. Domestic Violence- is this self-explanatory violence within the home, family or between spouses. Types of Tourism and if Crime and Violence has an Impact on them There are a lot of different types of tourism in Jamaica, just to name a few we have: Eco tourism/ Nature Sports Heritage/ Cultural Adventure Leisure Business The ones that crime and violence will most likely to affect is Adventure tourism and Leisure tourism. Visitors who come here for adventure are more likely to go out on their own without any form of trained tour guide, trying to learn about the country and its history and sometimes fall prey to those out there looking for trouble and trying to cause problem for other people. The ones, who come for leisure, relax and party. Especially when they go out o party they might hook up with people that they dont know, just wanting to have a good time and end up being robbed or taken advantage of or worst. Does Crime and Violence have an Impact on the Tourism Industry? Tourism in Jamaica is seen as the primary foreign exchange industry. This industry has a few negative impacts attached to it, such as theft, murder, scams, harassment amongst others. Since the Norman Manley International Airport is a form of entrance and exit point for visitors and it is located near some of the volatile areas of Kingston such as Bull Bay, Rock fort and others; it puts them at risk for violence to be perpetrated against them. According to the Jamaica 2012 crime and safety report, these are the following set of crime and violence that impact tourism, they include: Theft (robbery -jewellery, money, credit cards etc) Murder Rape/ Sexual Violence Fraud (Lottery scam, credit card fraud) Extortion Kidnapping Harassment (Craft Vendors, Street Sellers or Rent-A-Dreads) The report states that there is no evidentiary support that criminals are targeting U.S. citizens directly, but it further states that skimming which is a type of fraud is becoming popular among the Jamaican employees in restaurants, hotels, resorts and villas. These persons are capturing visitors credit card information and utilizing it for their benefit by stealing money out of the visitors accounts. The report also states that tourists are becoming a target for pick pocketing and petty cash crimes. To support these findings, below is table and graph to illustrate. Table showing crimes reported over the last seven years against U.S. citizens Type of Crimes Reported Amount Murders 7 Rape/ Sexual Assault 12 Aggravated Assault 9 Robbery 37 Kidnapping 1 Domestic Violence 5 Child Abuse 3 Also, the report states that the hotels and resorts employees have brought sexual violence towards the visitors in a number of hotels not named which are located on the north coast. On the other hand lottery scam as become prevalent on the Jamaican north coast (Mobay, Trelawney and Hanover) concerning the U.S. citizens. The criminals set up legitimate companies to defraud these Americans, the criminal element convince these persons to send large amount of money to specific account or fraudulent name here in Jamaica. They do this by telling them that they either won some bogus prize or a all expensive paid trip to Jamaica. This resulted in the closing of Grace remittent service areas which further cause a decrease in remittance in those areas. However these problems are been recognized by the government of Jamaica and they are taken steps to prevent these crimes from happening. These steps include more policing by foot and bicycle patrols in cruise ports and tourist areas, also an upgrade in training on how to deal with these types of crimes. For example the state has taken serious measures to clamp down on the lottery scam on the north coast; there has been numerous arrest and seizures of high end vehicles over the past year. Therefore, all of these factors mentioned above prove that crime has an impact on Jamaicas tourism industry. Facts and figures derived from the Jamaican Constabulary Force about the latest crime figures in Jamaica. J.C.F. latest homicides figures of 2012 January-February Type of Crime Places/Parishes No. of Deaths Murders St. Catherine North (Spanish Town, Bog Walk) 25 St. Catherine South (Portmore, Old Harbour, Central Village) 13 St. James 22 Clarendon 13 St. Andrew South 10 NB: a comparison of murders/ homicide cases for 2011 and 2012 In the period of February 11, 2011 murder cases stood at 114 compared to the same time period for 2012 it has risen to 137. J.C.F statistics show there was 536 murders between January 1 and June 23 of 2012, 32 more than last year. Statistics for the hot spot parishes of Jamaica according to the Gleaner news paper and the Jamaica Constabulary Force Hanover: 22 murders, a 267 per cent increase when compared to last year St. James: with the lottery scam 79 murders, the highest of all 19 divisions Kingston Central: 117 per cent increase when compared to last year St. Andrew North: 76 per cent increase compared to last year Kingston Eastern: 42 per cent increases compared to last year St. Andrew Central: 33 per cent compared to last year Other graphs to show that crime has an impact on the tourism industry in Jamaica Bar  chart showing  total number of  drug  crimes  between1995 to1999http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQePxuzlRIHxO6746D_DvaHX9KrcVMO4XNuadeDVdZ8tN5yXnsdUA Crimes committed over the Period of 2003 to 2012 in Jamaicas North Coast Area Montego Bay Year Type of Crime 2003 Murder 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Fig 1 Table showing the crime figures from 2003 to 2012 for Montego bay Trelawney Year Type of Crimes 2012 Carnal Abuse Rapes Shooting Robberies Larceny Fig 2 Graph showing crime figures for Trelawney in 2012 St. Ann Year Type of Crimes 2010 Murders Rapes Shooting Larceny Recommendations to Improve Crime and Violence in Jamaica tourism Industry 1. Develop special legislation to address acts of terrorism. 2. The political leadership in the country must recommit to a set of values and a code of conduct consistent with the vision of a safe, peaceful and prosperous Jamaica so that tourist can feel safe. 3. To encourage visitors not to wonder into unknown territories unless they are being accompanied by a tour guide or someone recommended by the hotel or by the JTB. 4. When travelling to other areas in Jamaica it is better to drive or get a shuttle than walk on the road so that they wont be harassed by some of the locals. 5. Since 1956 the tourist industry has been regulated by the Jamaican Tourist Board (JTB) which greeted tourists, provided courtesy police, trained workers to help keep our visitors safe and happy and from being harassed. Most harassment stemmed from frequent peddling of goods to tourists, at times incessantly; this peddling most likely reflected the high unemployment rates. Tourists were also approached to purchase drugs, primarily marijuana, colloquially called ganja.   Conclusion It has been concluded that crime and violence has its tool on tourism. Due to the crime and violence such as scamming, theft etc. But it still hasnt stop visitor from to Jamaica, because at the end day crime and violence happen all over the world but its just up to the government to control the crime rate. Hence the crime and violence will have a lesser impact on tourism.

The Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham Alabama :: Black Civil Rights Movement

Walls are built up all over the world. They have many purposes and uses. The most common use of a wall is to divide a region. One of these famous walls is the Berlin Wall, which was constructed in 1961. This Wall was erected to keep East Berlin out of West Berlin, and even America had its own wall well before this one. There were a few major differences though. America’s wall, in contrast, was not a physical one that kept capitalism from communism. America’s wall was of a psychological variety, and it spread across most of the nation. America’s wall was more of a curtain in the fact that one could easily pull it aside to see what behind it, but if one didn’t want to they didn’t. This curtain was what separated whites and blacks in America, and one famous writer, James Baldwin, felt there was a need to bring it down. He felt that one should bring it down while controlling his or her emotions caused by the division. One of the best places to see the bringing down of the curtain and the effects that it had on the nation is where the curtain was its strongest, in Birmingham, Alabama. Forty years ago there was an explosion of bombings in Alabama. These attacks on communities seemed endless, as endless the hate that had been brewing in Alabama itself. These attacks seemed to be concentrated in the city of Birmingham, which is the setting for a place where a very tragic event will happen, one that brought the attention of the world to the evil curtain within Birmingham. In the church bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church four little girls were killed in the blast on September 15th, 1963. Although this event started unrest and upheaval, by in the end it will have sparked the destruction of the curtain. To understand the why these youths were killed in Alabama, one must come to understand the events that led up to their death. Birmingham, Alabama was a very unstable area during the 1960’s, and this instability stemmed from pure racial hatred brewing within this city. Bombings started as early as the 1940’s and gave a section of Birmingham the nickname dynamite alley. The resulting civil unrest caused a man to step forward to stop it, a man by the name of Fred Shuttlesworth. Mr. Shuttlesworth was a part of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and he organized many events and demonstrations but the only result that came from them was more violence.

The Effects of Losing Rainforest :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the article satellite images reflect that the Amazon rainforest is diminishing at an enormous rate. About 10,000 square miles of this beautiful forest is being lost to pastures for grazing, soybean plantations, and illegal logging. Since the year before there has been a forty percent increase in the deforestation of the Amazon forest. The Amazon is the world’s largest tropical rainforest. They expect this horrible trend to only become worse. Some conclude that if the forest is not protected that it will be wiped out in only eighty years!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The destruction of our earth’s rainforest is very depressing. Last semester I took Ecol 1000 and this class deals with all of the horrible things humans do to our planet. I didn’t realize that the rainforests were being destroyed at such a dramatic pace. People use a technique called â€Å"slash and burn† which enables them to clear plots in order for cattle or for other agricultural purposes. The rainforest provides a habitat for a wide array of species. This is not fair for people to go in and take over there homes. The destruction of the rainforests has intense adverse affects on lots of differing things. Rainforest not only house a great number of species of insects and trees but it also holds cures for diseases. The destruction of the rainforest has not really been proven how it will affect us because there is so much information to be gathered. We do not know all of the consequences that we will endure once all of the trees are gone and all of the wild life has been destroyed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is scary to think about the consequences we may suffer. Once all of these magnificent forests are gone the green house gas levels will increase and we also don’t know all of the harmful effects that this may cause. We need to do everything possible to develop a way to better manage the destruction of our rainforest before it is to late!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As our population grows every year, we lose very valuable resources. People are continuously reducing the biodiversity of our planet. The loss of biodiversity with our tropical rainforests, oceans, and lakes are very harmful and unpredictable.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rainforest are so rich with various species that it is highly doubtful that we will ever encounter them all. Rainforest are being destroyed by developing nations in order for homes, agriculture, and other various reasons.

The Amazing World of Laughter & it Super Healing Power

Agriculture – the study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications Anatomy – the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans Arachnology – the study of arachnidsAstrobiology – the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe—also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level Bioengineering – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) – the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modelingBiomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics Biomedical research – the study of the human body in health and disease Biomusicology – study of music from a biological point of view. Biophysics – the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences Biotechnology – a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology Building biology – the study of the indoor living environment Botany – the study of plantsCell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell Conservation bio logy – the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife Cryobiology – the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure Ecology – the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment Embryology – the study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth) Entomology – the study of insectsEnvironmental biology – the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations Epigenetics – the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caus ed by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence Ethology – the study of animal behavior Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time Genetics – the study of genes and heredity Hematology ( also known as Haematology ) – the study of blood and blood – forming organs.Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians Histology – the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy Ichthyology – the study of fish Integrative biology – the study of whole organisms Limnology – the study of inland waters Mammalogy – the study of mammals Marine biology (or Biological oceanography) – the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry Mycology – the study of fungiNeurobiology – the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology Oncology – the study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings Ornithology – the study of birds Population biology – the study of groups of conspecific organisms, including Population ecology – the study of how population dynamics and extinction Population genetics – the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms Paleontology – the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life Pathobiology or pathology – the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease Parasitology – the study of parasites and parasitismPharmacology – the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms Phytopathology – the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology) Psychobiology – the study of the biological bases of psychology Sociobiology – the study of the biological bases of sociology Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromoleculesSynthetic Biology- research integrating biology and engineering; construction of biological functions not found in nature Virology – the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents Zoology – the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (branches include: Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology,Mammalogy, and Ornithology) History of Philippine Money Philippine money–multi-colored threads woven into the f abric of our social, political and economic life.From its early bead-like form to the paper notes and coins that we know today, our money has been a constant reminder of our journey through centuries as a people relating with one another and with other peoples of the world. Pre-Hispanic Era Trade among the early Filipinos and with traders from the neighboring islands was conducted through barter. The inconvenience of barter later led to the use of some objects as medium of exchange. Gold, which was plentiful in many parts of the islands, invariably found its way into these objects that included the piloncitos, small bead-likeb gold bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of the ancient Filipinos, and gold barter rings. Spanish Era (1521-1897) Three hundred years of Spanish rule left many indelible imprints on Philippine numismatics.At the end of the Spanish regime, Philippine money was a multiplicity of currencies that included Mexican pesos, Alfonsino pesos a nd copper coins of other currencies. The cobs or macuquinas of colonial mints were the earliest coins brought in by the galleons from Mexico and other Spanish colonies. The silver dos mundos or pillar dollar is considered one of the world’s most beautiful coins. The barilla, a crude bronze or copper coin worth about one centavo, was the first coin struck in the country. Coins from other Spanish colonies also reached the Philippines and were counterstamped. Gold coins with the portrait of Queen Isabela were minted in Manila. Silver pesos with the profile of young Alfonso XIII were the last coins minted in Spain.The pesos fuertes, issued by the country’s first bank, the El Banco Espanol Filipino de Isabel II, were the first paper money circulated in the country. Revolutionary Period (1898-1899) Asserting its independence, the Philippine Republic of 1898 under General Emilio Aguinaldo issued its own coins and paper currency backed by the country’s natural resources . One peso and five peso notes printed as Republika Filipina Papel Moneda de Un Peso and Cinco Pesos were freely circulated. 2 centimos de peso copper were also issued in 1899. The American Period (1900-1941) The Americans instituted a monetary system for the Philippine based on gold and pegged the Philippine peso to the American dollar at the ratio of 2:1. The US Congress approved the Coinage Act for the Philippines in 1903.The coins issued under the system bore the designs of Filipino engraver and artist, Melecio Figueroa. Coins in denomination of one-half centavo to one peso were minted. The renaming of El Banco Espanol Filipino to Bank of the Philippine Islands in 1912 paved the way for the use of English from Spanish in all notes and coins issued up to 1933. Beginning May 1918, treasury certificates replaced the silver certificates series, and a one-peso note was added. The Japanese Occupation (1942-1945) The outbreak of World War II caused serious disturbances in the Philippin e monetary system. Two kinds of notes circulated in the country during this period. The Japanese Occupation Forces issued war notes in big denominations.Provinces and municipalities, on the other hand, issued their own guerrilla notes or resistance currencies, most of which were sanctioned by the Philippine government in-exile, and partially redeemed after the war. The Philippine Republic A nation in command of its destiny is the message reflected in the evolution of Philippine money under the Philippine Republic. Having gained independence from the United States following the end of World War II, the country used as currency old treasury certificates overprinted with the word â€Å"Victory†. With the establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines in 1949, the first currencies issued were the English series notes printed by the Thomas de la Rue & Co. , Ltd.in England and the coins minted at the US Bureau of Mint. The Filipinazation of the Republic coins and paper money began in the late 60’s and is carried through to the present. In the 70’s, the Ang Bagong Lipunan (ABL) series notes were circulated, which were printed at the Security Printing Plant starting 1978. A new wave of change swept through the Philippine coinage system with the flora and fauna coins initially issued in 1983. These series featured national heroes and species of flora and fauna. The new design series of banknotes issued in 1985 replaced the ABL series. Ten years later, a new set of coins and notes were issued carrying the logo of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

Disneyland in Hong Kong Essay

1. Explain a person’s attitude towards visiting Disneyland in Hong Kong in terms of the tri-component model. A tri-component attitude model consists of three major components as affect, cognition and conation. It is implying that Disneyland in Hong Kong has the unique attraction towards the customer. The first part of this model refers to cognition that is knowledge and perception that are acquired by a combination of the attitude object and related information from different sources. With reference to visiting Disneyland in Hong Kong it is a great place to visit and have a fun with the kids, where people are able to rest from common daily activities. The cognitive component towards Disneyland is what people experienced by visiting this place and what information they got from various sources (friends, ads). Affective component considers a person’s feelings and emotional response to an attitude object. It is mostly learnt during our daily live. This is the way as we fee l. We may love the place as Disneyland. It gives joy, happiness and join the family. It could have a good emotion or feeling about it. Conation, the final component concerns how the consumer will behave with regard to attitude object. People will go and visit Disneyland in Hong Kong and spend time with the family there. 2. Explain how the product manager of a breakfast cereal might change consumer attitudes toward the company’s brand by: a. changing beliefs about the brand, b. changing beliefs about competing brands, c. changing the relative evaluation of attitudes, d. adding an attribute. The product manager might change consumer attitudes towards the company’s brand by different ways. It could be done by emphasizing the attributes the brand . a) Product manager might change consumer attitude toward the brand by changing beliefs about the brand. It mostly appeals from advertisement, so production manager should try to make customers willing to buy this product by successful ad with a ‘catchy’ affect, having a bit of fear and humour could be helpful. The way in which company can change beliefs about brand is putting less emphasis on product strength in its advertising and more emphasis on others value which cereal has. b) Product manager can change consumer attitude toward the brand by using a broad statement (for  example that only cereal with vitamins and dried fruit or corn are helpful) and or claim. It will allow to set the brand higher than competitors. c) People change their attitudes, so companies should be aware of it. They should go forward with changing environmental. As the current life style attempts to look for healthy food, it could be good crossing over from the existing to the new ones with dried fruit and some corns. d) As a production manager I will add such attributes as vitamins to breakfast cereal, making the product healthier. By adding this new formula it will put the brand higher than the others as the tendency is to buy healthy products and will change the customers’ attitude toward the brand. 3. What sources influenced your attitudes about studying buyer behaviour before classes started? Has your initial attitude changed since the unit started? If so, how? Social media and discussion with my colleagues had influenced my attitudes about studying buyer behaviour before my classes started. I found out that it could be very interesting to get know how consumer behaves in reply to different ads, promotions or tricks used by the producers. My initial attitudes were positive and motivation were on the highest level and so far nothing has changed. I still believe that studying buyer behaviour is interesting and can bring much knowledge that people don’t recognize in daily life during the shopping. What’s more I have a feeling that I am more experienced and have better view and understanding on different aspects and finally I hope I can still learn more and take as much as possible of the classes. 4. Should the marketer of a popular computer graphics program prefer consumers to make internal or external attributions about the success that people have using the program? Explain your answer. The marketer objective is to get consumers to try the product and then to evaluate it, so in direct marketing programs to target small consumer niches, the marketer should attribute internal and external. But external should be more major, but internal is not less important though. To sell as many computer graphics program as possible , the marketer has to tell people how good their product is and change their attitude to make them think it is the best graphics program. The consumers should know what benefits they will get by buying it, because consumer benefit perception is more than anything else. In this case also consumer lifestyle can change attitudes, so as a result they might change it to be attractive for customers. Internal are also important to  still develop the brand and make t he program the best on the market. 5. Find an ad for a free service trial (e.g. carwash, free brake check or a free software trial). What attributions would consumers make about the advertiser? What self-attributions would a consumer make if he or she accepted the trial offer? This offer make consumer interested because no cost needed to trial. So as a result customer is attracted and can make a judgment if it is worth of buying or not. No obligation with complimentary 3 Day Chair Assessment Service with selected chair/s and complimentary phone support during the trial. It will allow to check the product. 6. Find examples of advertising that uses fear and humour and discuss why you think they are effective or not effective. The first advertisement showing how tires of Yokohama keep the road uses humour. In my opinion it is very useful because attracts more customers, so the audience is increased and it is more effective. Easier to remember. The other advertisement concerns Lazer company. Wearing the helmet protected head. It uses fear and again is very effective. It stress the negative consequences. The sight of a man, wholly in plaster is not nice. In this way the must of wearing helmet is achieved.

Social Evils in Pakistan Essay Types and Causes

The social evils are one of the most brutal and biggest curses to any nation which plays the vital role in the destruction of the society in any state or country. Pakistan is amongst one of those countries which are facing various disparaging social evils which have affected the law and order, national harmony and the peace of the country. Let us have the overview on the various types of social evils in Pakistan and what are the main reasons which have contributed in making these social evils from bad to worse.One of the most critical social evil in Pakistan is corruption as unfortunately Pakistan is in the list of the top countries having mighty huge corruption in the system and the establishment. Corruption has strengthened its roots not only in the government organizations but at the same time private sector is also victim of this social evil, due to which the justice and equality has dispersed from the country as people can do anything with the help of the power of money at any l evel. The main cause for this social evil is greed for money and power and at the same time unfair and unpatriotic intentions not only of the officials but also including the government officials and politicians.Terrorism is also a very significant social evil in Pakistan which has not only just affected the law and order situation but with the passage of time has a very huge adverse impact on the national economy of the state. Due to the terrorism activities the international investment has disappeared from the state leaving Pakistan all on its own or on the international loans. The basic reason behind this is the religious extremism and the hate against the government of the state.Pakistan is being ranked as one of those countries which have the highest ratio of Child Labor, which is another very heart breaking social evil in which the innocence of the children are being exploited. The basic reason for such high child labor ratio in Pakistan is due to unemployment and majority of the people living below the poverty line.The families which cannot afford to send their children to acquire expensive education are forced to send their children to workshops, restaurants, and municipal corporation for working which is against the labor laws of the country but due to the need and urge for money they are forced to do so.Sexual harassment is also considered to be a very destructive social evil in Pakistan where the children and females are being made victims of sexual harassment by the evil and inhuman peoples of the state. The main reason behind this curse is the sexual urge of uneducated people, frustration and the fire of revenge results in the occurrence of such brutal and immoral activities in Pakistan.

Gender in Jackie Kay’s Trumpet

Abstract The overall impact of the role of gender and prejudice have an influence in every society in every nation around the world. This study examines the literature that has the potential to illustrate many of the controversial subjects emerging in society today. Beginning with a base assessment of Kay’s work allows a far greater depth of understanding and appreciation to be created. This piece critically defines the aspects of the Trumpet in order to illuminate a vital point of needed evolution. With a lasting story line, this analysis can be applied to a wide variety of studies in order to add fundamental quality and understanding. The issues of gender and empathy in the realm of literature have consistently been an area of discussion, with a wide range of interpretation. This study examines the role of gender in Brewer’s theory of structural affect as well as assessing how Jackie Kay’s Trumpet establishes empathy through its portrayal of gender. Alongside this assessment will be a discussion on how Trumpet fits within the categories of queer and postmodern writing in relation to the continuum of Scottish literature at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century. This view is necessary in order to grasp the relevance of a transgendered lead character in an award-winning literary novel. It is through the utilization of symbolism that Kay illustrates a relatable link enabling her view to emerge clearly. Establishing key points of the plot through metaphor enables Kay to create a tale that is both easy to assimilate and interesting to explore for the reader. From the onset, the information in Trumpet is designed to drive the reader to empathize with Millie’s pain at the intrusion of media after the death of her beloved husband. This emotion is evident in the opening sentence as the author invokes the image of a widow that is afraid to fully open the curtains because of what lies beyond (1998, p.1). This approach is designed lead the reader to sympathize with Millie by describing her anxiety and pain at the paparazzi surrounding her home in a manner that allows them to readily associate with the situation. â€Å"Even here now the sound of cameras, like the assault of a machine gun, is playing inside my head. I can’t get the noise to go no matter what I do,† (p. 2). Sharing Millie’s misery at the hounding by the media, Kay draws the reader deep into the plot before ever revealing that this is a queer story. The use of gender, and societal prejudice, provides a critical background upon which to build the overall storyline. The ability to define the character prior to revealing potentially perception changing information adds depth and associable elements to the plotline. This is a prime example of Brewer’s theory of affect accurately determining the direction of the literature. Using structural affect, Kay is careful in her initial descriptions of Joss in order to describe him as Millie observed him (1998 p. 3). This ensures that that the reader, although sympathizing with Millie, also identifies her as a reliable narrator. This is a vital point that must be emphasized as the plot line relies on the strength of the narration to progress. The story evolves in such a manner that the reader never believes that Millie is lying about her mistaken certainty that Joss had been born male until their first sexual encounter. By that time a critical point has passed, Millie is in love and the reader has come to know Joss as she saw him during that time (p. 3). Before revealing the deep dark secret that has led to the media scrutiny and the enmity of Millie’s son, Kay takes the tale back in time to introduce Millie’s love story with Joss (1998, p. 4). This creates a form of empathy with the reader that allows them to remember what it feels like to fall in love. Creating a mechanism that invokes a real sense of companionship serves to highlight the tender aspect of the story. This is an illustration of her effective implementation of the structural affect theory. †¦the emotions of the reader are systematically determined by the configuration of the plot and the knowledge states of various agents. For example, consider what happens when the reader has the emotion of surprise. The author withholds critical information at the beginning of the story, information that is necessary for a correct interpretation of the story. Later on, the critical information is revealed, which triggers surprise in the reader. (Graesser and Klettke, n.d., p.2) The writer manipulates the reader’s reaction to specific points of the story by choosing what is revealed and when. This tool is utilized to draw out the main events and bring the entire plot into focus. Even when Millie has her first sexual encounter with Joss, as he/she removes the binding on her breasts, the revelation of Joss’ secret is hinted at rather than announced (p. 20-21). Throughout the story, Kay manipulates the emotional and intellectual response of the reader in order to ensure that the overarching theme remains firmly in the readers mind. To accomplish this, the author utilizes the method of introducing Joss as Millie sees him: as the person she loved, the adoring father, the respected member of the community as well as the sensitive musician (p. 5). Brewer’s structural affect theory focuses on the influencing the psychology of the reader through the literature. †¦Brewer tested his model by (a) manipulating features of the text and knowledge states of the reader and (b) observing whether these manipulations systematically predicted readers’ self-reports of particular emotions and how much they liked the story. The structural affect theory fared quite well in accounting for the psychological data. (Graesser and Klettke, n.d., p. 3). Millie’s early reminiscing is one of the methods that Kay uses throughout this story, this serves to set the stage for the narration to a point. Writing in the first person, Kay relates the tale through Millie’s perception and allows a real sense of personal emotion to reach the story. This included the idea that perhaps she had â€Å"hurt his manhood,† (p. 39) when she expressed her desire to have a baby. Kay employs the affect principle to allow the reader to sympathize with Colman over what he views as his parents’ betrayal (1998, p. 40). She accomplishes this by interjecting a chapter in the third person as a means to make it absolutely clear that Joss had been born and died a female. By moving back and forth between narrators, the author enables a wide range of views to emerge. This instrument is effective and enables the author to transitions back into a first person narrative, this time with Colman as the narrator. Like his mother before him, Colman begins thinking of his father as he reflects on the elements that made Joss a good father (p. 41). The loathing that the reader subsequently develops for Colman is his own doing, based in part on his self-description. â€Å"It was all right, it was, being Joss Moody’s son. Only when I became Colman Moody did everything start to become a total fucking drag. It’s a tall order when you expected to be somebody just because your father is somebody,† (p. 45). Through Colman’s narration, we see Kay explore the feelings of being the adopted child. This is a critical point, as much of the story hinges on these negative emotional feelings. This is a direct association to the desire to look like one’s adoptive parents as well as the child’s efforts to have a normal life with unconventional parents. She even helps the reader to understand why Colman is angry, embarrassed even, that not knowing his father’s secret made him look stupid (p. 46). Overall, the structure of the novel is meant to make Colman appear more callous than sympathetic. This is an attempt by the author to ensure that the plot progresses in a manner that benefits the underlying story. In the early chapters, we learn that Colman refuses to take his mother’s calls and then later that he has sided with a tabloid reporter who wants to write a biography of Joss (1998, p. 15). The reader feels his betrayal of his parents in the action because of the way Kay structured the story. If Kay had led with Colman’s narrative, focussing on the son’s negative memories of his parents and that they failed to provide the child with what he viewed as a ‘normal’ home life, Colman might have been a more sympathetic character to the reader. Instead, Kay uses her structure of the novel to manipulate the reader’s reaction to the character in a manner that adds to the underlying plot. This adds readability and long term credibility to the story. Kay utilizes structural affect to create a postmodern novel in that the tale embraces popular culture and accessibility. In the introduction to her book Postmodernism and Pop Culture (1994), Angela McRobbie argues that one of the defining characteristics of postmodern texts, whether art or literature, is accessibility: Not only was meaning in art or in culture all there, for all to see, stripped of its old hidden elitist difficulty, but it also, again as Jameson pointed out, seemed already familiar, like the faint memory of an old pop song, a refrain, a chorus, a tune, a ‘cover version’ of an original which never was. (2005, p. 3) In essence, McRobbie (1994, p. 1) argues that postmodern works would tell us the meaning behind Mona Lisa’s smile, rather than forcing art critics to speculate on it for 400 years. Kay does not go so far as to spell out the entire intent of the novel in her narrative, she employs the story itself to provide a means of motivation to progress. This is illustrated in the fact that the lesson to his son is about choosing one’s own identity. â€Å"The pictures called Mumbo Jumbo which has made me angrier than anything I can remember. He’s not given a name. Even the name he was given, John Moore, was not his original name,† (p. 276). Joss’ letter for his son discusses the idea that the name other people give us is perhaps less important than the name we give ourselves. This theme adds to the personal value experienced by reader. He, for example, might have been born Josephine Moore, but that was not who he was (p. 276). As Joss explains these things to his son, he makes it clear that no matter what label or name a person is given, they choose for themselves who they will be. â€Å"That’s the thing with us: we keep changing names. We’ve all got that in common. We’ve all changed names, you, me, my father. All for different reasons. Maybe one day you’ll understand mine,† (p. 276). McRobbie argues that postmodernism is also intended to â€Å"force us to think seriously about the trivial† (p. 3). While it is incorrect to label the issues that Kay raises as â€Å"trivial†, there is an aspect of the novel that does seemingly grasp at this approach. Intertwining these elements lends depth and charm to the story, which in turn increases the final impact. In the chapter written in the third person, describing the doctor who comes to make out Joss’ death certificate, the physician finds it necessary to cross out â€Å"male† and â€Å"write† in female and then write it again, more distinctively (Kay p. 276). The author makes it clear that this seems trivial. This is a purposeful effort to guide the reader to make assumptions that are essential to the story. The question, implied by the text and the remainder of the novel, is how does it matterDid the sex assigned to Joss by birth affect the core of who he was, how he loved his family or the music that he madeThe intent then of the work is to make the reader ask if the sex we are assigned at birth is important to whom we are. Or, is gender a trivial matter than can be changed to reflect who we are as human beings? Kay’s writing has had a positive impact on the development of Scottish literature at the end of the 20th century. One of the major factors identified by some scholars is that Kay’s work, and others like it, help move Scottish literature away from the concept that there is a homogeny in the writing there (Shirey p. 5). Kay’s plot line creates an inclusive perception that enables a wide range of acceptance on the part of the author. This translates directly into an international perception of tolerance outside of the traditional norms. The second case, the loss of population, is of course related to the pervasive anxiety in modern Scotland over emigration—the recurring sense that many of the potential architects of the Renaissance were contributing their energies towards diasporic communities around the world or towards the continued, futile administration of British imperial power at precisely the moment of that power’s decline. (Shirey, p.6) There had been an perception that the rebirth of Scottish literature was not progressing due to the fact that the writers were either writing about their histories and cultures from before settling in Scotland or that they were so concerned with British approval that they were not distinctively Scottish (p. 7). The ability for Kay to reach out and touch a sensitive portion of the population through the shared experiences of her characters adds to the recognition of Scottish credibility. Her ability to tie in the gender issues of her characters in such a relatable manner illustrates a fundamental knowledge of the issues, which in turns adds gravitas to her entire effort. Where Kay (p. 15) differentiates Trumpet from these trends is that her characters think of themselves as definitively Scottish. This strong national identity adds strength to the notion that the region remains strong in poignant literature. Joss, for example, knows that his father was from somewhere in Africa, but he teaches his son to think of Scotland as his home (Kay p. 276). This allows them to remain Scottish, even though much of their life and experience lies outside of the nation. Kay also takes her characters beyond the stereotype of the Scotsman in her further contribution to Scottish literature. There is a real sense of progression and development on a cultural and national level throughout the entire story. Kay’s contribution to Scottish literature is that she refuses to mould her Scottish nationalism to a white heterosexual history. This is an important point that she makes no apologies for. She makes it clear that not only are the authors of Scottish literature no longer â€Å"straight† white men, neither are the characters. A reflection of modern life creates a real window for the reader to experience the travails of the characters. This allows her writing to carry not only a decisive and relatable story line about a delicate topic, but a real perception of strength and inclusive nature that illustrates the potential of an evolving culture. In the end, Kay’s work has built a solid foundation upon which to continue to build new and more enticing works. References Bennett, A. and Royle, N. (2004) Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory, 3rd ed, Pearson Longman, Harlow. Retrieved from mhttp://site.iugaza.edu.ps/ahabeeb/files/2012/02/An_Introduction_to_Literature__Criticism_and_Theory.pdf Bird, D., Dixon, R. and Lee, C. (2001) Authority and Influence: Australian Literary Criticism 1950-2000, Brisbane, University of Queensland Press. Retrieved from http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv.php?pid=UQ:8899&dsID=Bird_Intro.pdf Graessar, A.C. and Klettke, B. (n.d.) Agency, Plot, and a Structural Affect Theory Of Literary Short Comprehension, The University of Memphis. Retrieved from http://www.memphis.edu/psychology/graesser/publications/documents/IBSCHB2.pdf Kay, J. (1998) Trumpet, New York, Vintage Contemporaries. McRobbie, A. (2005) Postmodernism and Pop Culture, Routledge, London. Retrieved from ttp://m.friendfeed-media.com/b64ddf30a52cfe50d0a7907b198b1b67214613d5 Shirey, R. D. (2007) â€Å"A Shrinking Highlands: Neil Gunn, Nationalism and the ‘World Republic of Letters’†, International Journal of Scottish Literature. 3. Retrieved from http://www.ijsl.stir.ac.uk/issue3/shirey.pdf Stein, A. and Plummer, K. (July, 1994), â€Å"I Can’t Even Think Straight† â€Å"Queer† Theory and the Missing Sexual Revolution in Sociology, Sociological Theory, 12.2 178-187. Web. 15 Retrieved from http://jsingleton.wiki.westga.edu/file/view/I+cant+even+think+straight+queer+theory.pdf/299878142/I%20cant%20even%20think%20straight%20queer%20theory.pdf Thrift, N. (2008) Non-Representational Theory: Space/Politics/Affect, New York & London, Routledge. Warner, M. (2002) Public and Counterpublics (abbreviated version). Quarterly Journal of Speech. 88 (4), pp. 413 – 425.

Brand names as loan words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Brand names as loan words - Essay Example The interaction of cultures and races has presented the multinational companies and their marketing strategies with the challenge of utilising â€Å"loan words† as brand names and vice versa to capture greater market shares. This paper explores not only various examples in this regard but their underlying linguistic implications and explanations. Loan words which are used as brand names are borrowed from other languages in referring to foreign items of food, sports, and clothes.(Koslow 1994:575-585) There are many examples of the use of foreign words like kebab, sushi, pasta, Eu de toilette ,cologne which are all basically foreign brand names and †¦.and the list could go on running into thousands of pages. The question at hand gives an interesting example of the Omo washing powder itself. A similar example can be given about many other brand names.In the early nineties when washing powder was replacing washing soap in the South East Asian countries especially Pakistan and India, people increasingly used the term â€Å"Surf†(which was the original name of the brand) to refer to any washing powder.†Surf† was therefore a loan word.Another modern example is Google.Nowadays nobody wants to just search the â€Å"search engine†.In fact the term search engine has become obsolete eversince the term â€Å"to google† or â€Å"googled† was invented."to google" or "googled" was invented.Therefore there has been an increase in the situations where foreign brand names have infiltrated our local languages as well as where loan words used as brand names become common colloquialisms.(Luna.D 2001;284-295) Consider the term "xeroxing" for example which comes from t he Xerox brand photocopiers and "hovered"(meaning to use a vacuum machine) coming from the famous Hoover brand of Vacuum Cleaners. The mass media has become a leading source of new loanwords. In the new age we have the American advertisements asking Asian audiences to "do the dew" and almost every other cold drink bottle is called Pepsi or Coke, regardless of what the brand on top of the bottle says. News, programs, documentaries, game and quiz shows, sports, even dramas have all got a significant role to play in adding more and more foreign words and phrases to the local languages through clever advertising and catchy slogans.(Danesi 2004). The main reason for this may be because, "Copywriters believe that foreign words add class or mystique to their copy. It makes no difference that the average reader doesn't understand the message. They aren't supposed to. What does matter is that the text evokes an image and attaches prestige value to the products being advertised." (Douglas 2006) These strange usages can often become household names successfully yet they cause conceptual problems for learners faced with processing English as a second language along with their native languages. Academics have often argued that languages have an evolution history of their own and the usage of these languages is in a constant state of influx. Some languages die or get extinct, others get old yet