Sex And Its Effects On Children - 1706 Words

When someone hears the word â€Å"sex†, or talks about sex, there is usually awkwardness that follows. Sex was a topic that is not supposed to be discussed publicly. Why is something so natural illegal to discuss or educate? Today, 1 in 4 teenagers acquire a sexually transmitted disease/infection. In 2015, 13,828 youth males were diagnosed with HIV. These statistics are so high because of the insufficient amount and the lack of information being taught to teens. With the media’s lack of discretion, teens are now relying on it to learn about sex and its effects. Sex education, not abstinence, should be inclusive for everybody, regardless of sexual orientation. Not only should sex between a heterosexual couple be taught in schools, but also sex†¦show more content†¦This adversity did not stop African American women from learning about sex and birth control, but due to the lack of resources that were accessible, it was especially hard. In 1913 in Chicago, the fir st ever US sex education program began for high school students. In this program created by Dr. Ella Flagg Young, students learned sexual hygiene, sex instincts, and diseases acquired by sex. For women who participated in the program, they said they had learned more than from their own parents. Prior to attending the lessons, all three of these young women were so uninformed about â€Å"things† that they were unprepared for the changes in their bodies, as well as for the physical and emotional transformations accompanying such changes (Jensen 37). The program only lasted for one year but her work for the Chicago Public School system did not. Today, sex education is taught based on the states’ decision that it be necessary. Nineteen states’ laws require abstinence-only sex education in public schools. The Guttmacher Institute further reports that twenty-nine states do not require sex education at all, and thirty-seven do not require sex education curriculum to be medically accurate (Palmer 2). This means that if sex education is taught in schools, it is either about staying abstinent or the information given does not have to be correct. This is not only immoral, but it is messing with the lives of teens when they go outShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sex Education On Children1107 Words   |  5 Pagesregarding sex education that inhibit children from being exposed to sexuality. I believe the idea of shielding children from sexuality is not based on evidence, and may really be dangerous. There are several studies researching how children are affected through early introduction. Unfortunately, practically all of those findings focus on abuse situations, making it difficult to make assumptions about non-abuse situations. From some of these papers, I d like to argue that shielding children of any ageRead MoreThe Effects Of Sex On Children And Sexually Transmitted Diseases Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesEvery male and female at a certain age ha s had the â€Å"sex talk† weather its with there parents, teachers or even older siblings. It’s a subject that every kid should know about and the consequences to it. The act of sex is a shared union between two people through loving feelings, which is intended for enjoyment and procreation. Negotiating safe sex is something that should be practiced if the two people are not married or cannot handle the consequences of their actions. It is an extremely importantRead MoreThe Effects Of Premarital Sex On Children And Young Adults1348 Words   |  6 PagesInnocence Lost When God created man and woman, his sole purpose was for them to be fruitful and multiply. Sex was created by God and meant for marriage. Therefore, woman valued their chastity and would not do a disservice to their bodies. Premarital sex should not be practice because it leads to unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and loss of innocence. In 1275, England established the age of consent to be 12 to prevent older men from ravishing the young maidens to ensure theirRead MoreDoes Sex and Violence on Television Have a Negative Effect on Children?2395 Words   |  10 PagesDoes sex and violence on television have negative effects on children? The issue that I am addressing is the effect of sex and violence in the media on children. As long as there has been television, there has been an association made between media and violence – children who repeated what they saw on cartoons leading to their death, teenagers injured while emulating a popular movie, and mass killings blamed on video games. Primarily this relationship has been assumed to be causal with televisionRead MoreNegative Effects Of Same Sex Marriage875 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Effects of Same-Sex Marriage Introduction In the past 50 years, the American family has undergone immense changes. In the past, families remained extremely conservative and traditional families, upholding the ideal of marriage, which remained between a man and a woman. Recently, with the passing of Obergefell v. Hodges, same-sex marriage is now legal in the United States. Consequently, the idea of marriage has been redefined, and, as a result, the new legislature will now have significantRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Parenting1153 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Same-Sex Parenting ​Homosexuality has been a sensitive subject in this society for generations; it has been repelled against and condemned because it is considered to be sin-natured to certain traditions and religions. In the past several years, gay rights have been a controversial topic in many areas of the public and court rooms. More recently, the debate about gays having the right or ability to parent has become an increasingly popular topic, especially with same-sex marriage being legalizedRead MoreChildren With The Parent Families1287 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Children with fathers at home tend to do better in school, are less prone to depression and are more successful in relationships. Children from one-parent families achieve less and get into trouble more than children from two parent families.†( The Consortium for the Study of School Needs of Children from One Parent Families, 1980). Children in single-parent homes are becoming more common now days; more so single mother fam ilies, where there is an absent father in the child’s life. Whether theRead MoreGay Marriage Essay1744 Words   |  7 Pages 02/02/2012 Legalizing same-sex marriage has been a debate going on for quite some time. The recognition of such marriages is a civil rights, political, social, moral, and religious issue in many nations. Since 2001, ten countries have begun allowing same-sex couples to marry nationwide. In the United States the federal government does not recognize same-sex marriage, but such marriages are recognized by some individual states. Proposition 8Read MoreNegative Effects of Sex in Advertising1151 Words   |  5 Pagesthe other commercials that you see everyday? They simply use sex. Sex in advertising can be defined as the use of any type of sexual imagery to draw the interest of the consumer to buying a particular product or service. The use of sex in advertising as mentioned earlier is said to have boasted a lot company’s revenues, but it also has its negative side which has caused a lot of problems in societies around the world. The idea of using sex in advertising is a very smart way that advertisers use toRead MoreGay Couples Should Not Be Allowed to Adopt Children Essay870 Words   |  4 Pagespresent of the social since the same-sex relationship has become more popular, for it has currently granted in some states such as Connecticut, Iowa, and Massachusetts. While many people think the gay couple desert legal right to have their own life, for they are just as human as others. Although many people are fighting for same sex couples adopting, I believe the gay couples should not be allowed to adopt children since it brings to many effects such as emotion, sex education, and the nature.

Functional Behavior Assessment Paper - 1301 Words

Functional Behavior Assessment and Behavior Support Plan Lynnette Meinig SPE-522 June 5, 2013 Nicola Harris Functional Behavior Assessment and Behavior Support Plan Functional behavior assessments are important to teachers and students because I believe that all children behave a certain way for a reason. Children who have disabilities as well as children who do not have disabilities behave in inappropriate ways and a functional behavior assessment can help to determine why so that a plan can be developed to correct the behavior. Negative behavior is a reaction to something happening in a childs life or an imbalance in the child. A child with an imbalance will benefit from a functional behavior assessment because there is a†¦show more content†¦Functional behavior assessments are very useful to teachers because they will help to identify reasons for inappropriate behaviors of a student. Not only will the assessment peal back the layers of a students behavior but it can also reveal how to change the inappropriate behavior. Students with disabilities will have inappropriate behaviors in order to communicate with the teacher and adult s involved in their day. These behaviors could appear for something as simple as the disabled students refuses to write down what they were asked to, because they are not able to spell or write a word. Students without disabilities may also behave in an inappropriate way because they may not be able to spell or write a word. The functional behavior assessment will guide a teacher to know what subject or even what part of a subject is challenging to a student. Functional behavioral assessments have two major components, identifying and defining target behaviors as well as conducting behavior observations. The assessment should begin with indentifying and defining targeted behaviors and the best way to do that is to conduct a formal interview of the student. The interview should include family who are directly connected to the students home life as well as the staff involved with the student. The interview should reveal important things like when does the behavior occur during the day, how frequently, what the behavior is receded by, whatShow MoreRelatedCognitive And Intellectual Disorders, By Dr. Brian Iwata Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesIwata is the field’s foremost researcher on functional analysis methodology of problematic behaviors. He has held faculty positions at both Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Western Michigan University before settling down at the University of Florida. After receiving his Ph.D. from Florida State University, Dr. Iwata set out to revolutionize the disciplines of behavioral and intellectual disorders, program development, and applied behavior analysis by accepting a director positionRead MoreEvaluation Of A Functional Assessment And A Potential Behavior Support Plan1700 Words   |  7 PagesRagusa This meeting is being held to plan for the assessment of Isiah Hoyte. We will go over the target behaviors as reported by school staff and parent. We will go over records, data collection, the purpose of an FBA, and go over goals for the intervention. The purpose of a functional assessment operationally defines behaviors of concern, identifies events that may trigger the suppose behaviors and learn about interventions. The functional assessment consisted of interviews with teachers and the parentRead MoreIntervention Selection For Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1511 Words   |  7 PagesErvin, R A, DuPaul, G J, Kern, L, Friman, P C. (1998, Spring). Classroom-based Functional and Adjunctive Assessments: Proactive Approaches to Intervention Selection for Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31 (1), p.65-78. PURPOSE: The purpose of the Ervin, DuPaul, Kern and Friman (1998) study was: to explore previous research and expand upon those finding to determine if the identification of a behavior’s function is valuable and/or necessaryRead MoreFamily Health Assessment : A Family Based Nursing916 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Health Assessment A family health assessment is a significant instrument in conveying a health care plan for a family. This paper will discuss the nurse’s role in family assessment and how this task is performed. By the use of family focused open ended questions, 11 functional health patterns were covered. The health patterns were values and health perception, nutrition, sleep and rest, elimination, activities and exercise, cognitive, sensory-perception, self-perception, role relationshipRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1469 Words   |  6 Pagesjob. In order to determine what the cause of Matt’s behavioral issues are at work, a functional behavior assessment will be done. According to Cooper, Heron and Heward (2007), a functional behavior assessment (FBA) is a systematic method of assessment used to gather information about the functions of behaviors that are being targeted for change. By using indirect and direct assessment methods, the behavior analyst is able to gather the information that is needed to put together an appropriateRead MoreCase Study : Raven s Raven 1468 Words   |  6 PagesDescription Educational History. The student has no trouble in reading or in math. He has some difficulty in writing. Specifically, he has trouble expressing his ideas on paper. In a typical classroom setting he is very social. He sometimes requires redirection and occasional reminders to maintain an acceptable voice tone. However, his behavior does not inhibit his learning or that of other students. He is well liked by many of his peers and attends school on a regular basis. He requires additional supportRead MoreApplied Behavioral Analysis Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis II – PS365-01 Kaplan University August 13, 2012 Behavior modification is field within psychology that specializes in identifying relationships between a specific behavior and environmental events as well as creating and instituting procedures that help individuals to change a particular behavior. When behavior analysts conduct research they use research designs that help them to identify whether a change in the targeted behavior or dependent variable was result of implementation of a specificRead MoreThe Lives of the Grape Family in Whats Eating Glibert Grape1631 Words   |  7 Pagesreveals the struggles that the family face while raising Arnie who had a chronic mental illness (Hallstrà ¶m et al., 1993). This paper will discuss the priority concerns and corresponding interventions that are pertinent for the Grape family based on thorough use of the Calgary family assessment model. The focus of this papers assessment on the family will be on the functional aspect; however the structural and developmental aspects have been as sessed. The Effect of Chronic Mental Illness on the GrapeRead MoreEssay on Family Focused Health Assessment Questions - Lou Ann Lake1299 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Focused Health Assessment L. L. Grand Canyon University August 11, 2013 Family Focused Health Assessment As the society we live in continues to transform, nurses need a comprehensive tool to assess family’s health patterns. Family units are influenced by environment, biological, mental, social and spiritual factors. Assessing these areas for health promotion and disease prevention will take all of these influences into consideration (Edelman amp; Mandle, 2010). A priority toRead MoreHealth Assessment of the famli using Gordons 11 Functional Health Patterns1274 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Assessment of the Family using Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns Grand Canyon University: NRS-429-V , 2013 Health Assessment of the lamoth’s Family, using the Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns. The Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns Assessment is a very useful tool in assessing and evaluating the family’s established health patterns, allowing the care provider an inside look at the overall health of a particular family and able to assist

Comment on the Story of an Hour Free Essays

American female writer whose novel full of fervently consciousness. In her novel The Story of an Hour, she managed to reveal the psychology course of a woman who lived a miserable marriage life due to the lost of freedom and independence and shows feminist consciousness, by the employment of the method of blend and unity of emotion and scenery, the method of contrast, and the method of irony. To begin with, the method of blend and unity of emotion and scenery can be witnessed all around the novel. We will write a custom essay sample on Comment on the Story of an Hour or any similar topic only for you Order Now As far as the fifth paragraph is concerned, it reveals easterly the exhilaration of the protagonist by describing the â€Å"delicious breath in the an, â€Å"a peddler crying his wares†, and â€Å"countless twittering sparrows in the eaves†. The author does not write the glee of the heroine directly, whereas, she chooses to express the pleasure and exciting emotion by applying the emotion on the surroundings with exhilaration. By the employment of the mingling emotion and settings, readers tend to be easier to comprehend what the protagonist feels and what the author wants to express. Besides, Kate Chopin is likely to adopt the method of contrast to manifest the feelings of the heroine. Hearing the news of her husband’s death, instead of being paralyzed inability, the protagonist’s reaction to that is weeping with sudden and wild abandonment at once. By this contrast, readers can notice the distinction of heroine and other women. Unlike the others, she would express her feelings free rather than repress her sadness and some other emotion. In addition, that shows her yearning and pursuit for freedom to some degree, and reveals her female consciousness that woman should be an Independent Individual, of course, Including women In marriage. Actually, the method of irony also characterizes this short novel. At the latter part, here states â€Å"She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long. † under the repression of marriage life, she could not be herself. Therefore, all sorts of days that cannot belong to her own are nightmare which could bring her nothing but sense of shudder. While, since her husband passed away, she could retrieve freedom and experience a fresh life of her own. Therefore, she wished that the life might be long. However, It Is the ending that completely shows the Irony. Doctor claimed that the protagonist â€Å"died of the heart disease–of the Joy that kills. Whereas, It was not the Joy but the desperation, that her husband came back alive means her freedom would be deprived again, that killed her. In the end, the heroine was dead but her husband alive. By the way, her heart disease may be metal disease that caused by As the same as men, women are also independent individual and posses freedom and their own life, even if women who have got married. While most female did not hold that consciousness, Kate Chopin was able to arouse feminist consciousness in the short novel by applying the writing skills of mingling and unity of emotion and settings, contrast and irony. How to cite Comment on the Story of an Hour, Papers

Evaluation of Five Companies in Telecom Industry- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theEvaluation of Five Companies in Telecom Industry. Answer: EBIT and Return on Assets of five companies in the telecom industry are evaluated by analyst and gave them rank on the basis of their performance. EBIT Earnings before Interest and Taxes are the operating income of the company. It only considers the internal factors to measure the profit of the company from its main business activities. If the EBIT of a company is higher than the company can easily pay its debts in future. When operating expenses are deducted from the operating income the result is called as Earnings before interest and tax. In the current assignment, the analyst has taken five telecom companies and measures their profits and give them rank. MNF Group Limited is the most profitable company because its EBIT is highest among the five companies. And the second is the Telstra, third is TPG Telecom, fourth is Inabox and the last is Zip Tell Ltd(Telstra, 2014). ROA is the return on the assets invested in the business. It is calculated by the EBIT or net income divided by the total assets. If the EBIT is high than the return on the assets is more but if the EBIT is low than the return on the assets is also low. The return on assets will always dependent on EBIT and they have a direct relationship. The policies framed by the MNF Group are best because their policies help them in earning a good income in the core activities of the business. EBIT($million) Companies 2014 2015 2016 Average MNF Group Limited 5780 7520 9190 7496.67 Telstra Corporation Ltd 7445 6779 6792 7005.33 TPG Telecom Ltd 172 224 380 258.67 Zip Tell Ltd -0.24 -5.68 -14.08 -6.67 Inabox Group Ltd 5.465 1.807 2.4 3.224 Return on Assets (ROA) Return on Assets is the calculation done for finding the profitability of the company by investing in the total assets.It also gives idea that how well the management of the company use the asset of the company to generate the earnings. Return on Assets is always displayed in the percentage. If the return on the total assets is higher than the management of the company use the asset in more efficient and effective way. The return on the total assets is calculated by dividing the EBIT of the company from the Total assets. It is a financial ratio and it is widely used all over the world in all business(JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT Vol. 4, 2015). In the current situation, the best ROA is of Telstra Corporation. It is calculated after analysing the EBIT and the total assets of the company for the past 3 years. And the average is calculated to find the best ROA. The ranks of the company based on the ROA are as follows: Telstra Corporation Limited; MNF Group Limited; TPG Telecom Limited; Inabox Group Limited; Zip Tell Limited; RETURN ON ASSETS (ROA) Year Average Companies 2014 2015 2016 MNF Group Limited 21.15% 9.77% 7.88% 12.93% Telstra Corporation Ltd 18.88% 16.73% 15.67% 17.09% TPG Telecom Ltd 11.40% 13.54% 10.08% 11.67% Zip Tell Ltd -4.50% -86.3% -853.40% -314.73% Inabox Group Ltd 6.87% -1.00% 2.37% 2.75% Return on Assets = Earnings before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) X 100 Total Assets Bibliography JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT Vol. 4, N. 2.-2. (2015). THE IMPACT OF EARNINGS PER SHARE, DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO, AND CURRENT RATIO TOWARDS THE PROFITABILITY OF COMPANIES LISTED IN LQ45 FROM 2009 TO 2013. Telstra. (2014). TELSTRA CORPORATION LIMITED AND CONTROLLED ENTITIES. Retrieved from https://static.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au.s3-website-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/telstra/Telstra1401/AnnualReport2014/EN/pdf_full/Telstra_2014_Merged_WithoutCovers-upload.pdf

The Destination Galle In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Destination Galle In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay Essay Galle is the capital of a territory with the same name and is besides called the Gateway to the South. This larboard metropolis, 119 kilometer from Colombo, has managed to retain its old colonial town experience even today and is besides known for its Dutch walled fortress. It is believed that Galle is the scriptural haven of Tarshish, from which King Solomon obtained gold, tusk, Inachis ios and other valuables. Bing on the strategic sea-route between Arabia, India and Southeast Asia, every bit good a natural seaport, Galle became an of import trading port for Persians, Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Malays, Indians and Chinese. Harmonizing to other schools of idea, the name Galle derives from Gallus ( chicken in Dutch ) , or from Gaala , in Sinhala, intending a herding topographic point for cowss. Before the Portuguese arrived in the sixteenth century, Galle was known as Gimhathiththa . In less than 100 year, the Dutch had taken over and reinforced the garrison. TheA Galle fortA is now a universe heritage site and shows the merger of EuropeanA architectural manners with south Asiatic traditions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Destination Galle In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Destination Galle In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Destination Galle In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Beyond Galle, lies a stretch of seashore with a series of beaches like Unawatuna and Thalpe, the latter besides being celebrated for its stilt fishermen. In cricketing circles, Galle is known for its cricket land, which has rebuilt itself successfully after the tsunami devastation. Other outstanding landmarksA are the natural seaport, theA National Maritime Museum, A St. Mary s Cathedral, Amangalla the historic luxury hotel and one of Sri Lanka s mainA ShivaA temples. Other natural attractive forces, temples and garrisons are besides tourist hot spots. By itself Galle is a big town, with a busy coach station and market are its bosom. It provides variable attractive forces for its tourers with multiple art festivals. The one-year Galle Literary Festival attracts essayists from all over the universe. Hotel Overview General info on adjustment options and specific info on types of adjustment harmonizing to location Wordss: 100 A broad scope of adjustments from invitee houses, bed and breakfast, star hotels, to boutique resortsA is available in Galle. There is something for every budget, with monetary values runing from 20 USD to 600 USD for sole belongingss. Most of the hotels in Galle are situated in the Fort and Beach country. However, one can happen hotels located within the metropolis bounds every bit good. There are besides a figure of villas offering epicurean adjustment. Among the high terminal hotels, the Amangalla and the Galle Fort Hotel inside the Fort and The Dutch House outside promise epicurean colonial manner adjustment. Among the medium scope belongingss, The Lady Hill is the best option. The Fort House and Tamarind Hut are other options.. The budget belongingss are largely household tally guesthouses, offering plain diggingss and place cooked nutrient. Beach Haven, Weltevreden and Rampart View are some such belongingss. The Villa are by and large historic houses or tea plantation cottages. The Last House, Auraliya and The Beach House are the few high terminal 1s. The Fort House and Tamarind Hut come with lower budgets. Info on International and major domestic hotel ironss Wordss: 50 There are no major international ironss of hotels runing in Galle. A local concatenation of hotels, Jetwing does nevertheless hold belongingss here. Focus on concern A ; leisure travel Wordss: 50 Most of the hotels here have concern and leisure installations. One can happen conference halls, wireless cyberspace and facsimile installation in most of the hotels. High terminal hotels besides have in house amusement picks for invitees, which takes of the leisure needs of tourers. Pricing fluctuation harmonizing to season and events Wordss: 100 The monsoon months from April to September are less busy and the monetary values are somewhat on the lesser side during these months. Otherwise, Galle is a typical tropical coastal town and conditions remains warm and welcoming throughout the twelvemonth. Thingss to Make Thingss to Make Overview Overview of what all can be done in the finish across assorted classs of Thingss to make. Besides, continuance based possibilities to be listed. Wordss: 200 There are tonss of things to make in Galle. It has beaches, cultural attractive forces, temples, tea plantations, paddy Fieldss and besides shopping and dining. Everyone can happen an activity of their pick here. OldA Galle has been declared a universe heritage site by UNESCO. The good preserved seventeenth century colonial Galle FortA is the major attractive force here. The garrison is an illustration of the colonial manner of architecture. There is a museum inside the garrison which represents the art and civilization of the Southern Province. The Maritime Museum besides inside the garrison provides the history of Galle s maritime successes. The Dutch Reformed Church has been restored and is worth a visit for its ambiance and architecture. The Galle seaport still handles transportation, and one can acquire a position of cruising yachts now and so. The cricket bowl here reminds one of the Dutch architecture. Guided motorcycle Tourss are besides available to acquire a position of the countryside. Around Galle, trips to the Koggala laguna, the Sea Turtle Hatchery, Whale watching trips from Mirissa and Kottawa Rainforest and Arboretum make for twenty-four hours excursions. The beaches of Unawatuna and Thalpe are besides good options. Sightsing Overview Overview on the rubber-necking in the finish, including the popular 1s and thematic 1s Wordss: 200 The chief attractive force for sight visionaries in Galle is its old colonial Fort. With a batch of Reconstruction work done recently, the Fort has late been restored. Inside the bulwarks of the garrison, there are a batch of old edifices and colonial constructions to see. The Dutch Reformed Church and The All Saints Church are the Dutch and Anglican topographic points of worship. The National Museum, Maritime Museum and the Historical Maritime Museum have some ancient artifacts. Themed walking Tourss of the Fort, adapted to single involvements can be taken to acquire some new penetrations into the life of Fort occupants every bit good as see some off the all in facets of the Fort. The Koggala Lagoon, with several islands, is a topographic point for bird observation. The Temple Island here has an old Buddhist temple, which is still in usage and attracts many visitants on full Moon ( Poya ) twenty-four hours. The Cinnamon Island is besides deserving researching and Ananda Spice Garden are other sightseeing options here. The Kottawa Rainforest and Arboretum, on the route to Udugama introduces one to the Sri Lankan rain forest. Sightsing Individual degree write-ups Wordss: 20 write ups of 200 words each ( Entire: 4000 words ) For illustration: Name of the attractive force Dummy text, around 200 words, dummy text, dummy text, around 200 words, dummy text silent person text, around 200 words, dummy text, dummy text, around 200 words, dummy text silent person text, around 200 words, dummy text, dummy text, around 200 words, dummy text silent person text, around 200 words, dummy text, Address: Dummy text, silent person text Timing: 9 a.m 5:30 p.m ( Monday to Friday ) 9 a.m 9:00 p.m ( Saturday and Sunday ) Admission Fees: RM 3.00 per entry for grownup and RM 0.50 for kids and pupils. The Galle Fort This garrison, ab initio built by the Portuguese, was taken over by the Dutch in 1640. They farther fortified it over the following 6-7 decennaries, besides constructing a new luxuriant system of cloacas. Every high tide they would be flooded, taking the sewerage out to the sea. This walled metropolis, within the metropolis gives a extremum into Galle s colonial yesteryear. The pillars and the frontages, courtyards full of the stores selling spices and sarongs, old-timers and modern oddities give a glance of the old times. The Fort is a common interest of tourers every bit good as locals. Walking Tourss, organized by Juliet Coombe and Daisy Perry, may be adapted harmonizing to single gustatory sensations wildlife, history or architecture. National Museum, ( Church Street, Tues Sat, 9am to 5pm, LKR 300 ) , Historical Mansion Museum ( Leyn Baan Street, daily, 9am to 6pm, contributions optional ) and Maritime Museum ( Queen s Street ) are located inside the Fort. Koggala Lagoon: Koggala Lagoon , approx 20 kilometer from Galle has Rhizophora mangles which are place to birds and reptilians like proctor lizards and serpents. There is besides a beach which stretches upto the Ahangama and Midigama bays. There are several islands within the laguna. On Poya ( full Moon ) twenty-four hours, many people visit the Temple Island, which has an old Buddhist Temple. One can besides research the Cinnamon Island, or the Ananda Spice Garden on a separate island. Visitors to Koggala can besides see the Martin Wickramasinghe Folk Art Museum. Beyond Koggala, in the town of Ahangama, one can see a batch of stilt fishermen as they fish on piles, surrounded by H2O. Further on, Midigama offers surfing options. Kottawa Rainforest and Arboterum Located 16 kilometer from Galle, this is easy accessible and introduces the Sri Lankan rain forest to the tourers. A 1 kilometer walking trail is shaded by dipterocarps. One can happen violet faced langurs, elephantine squirrels, barking deer and samburs shacking here. There are besides different assortments of birds and reptilians. Guided Tourss for groups are run by Rainforest Rescue International ( LKR 2250 LKR 3000 ) . Address: 14 kilometer station, Udugama Road Timing: 8 am 5 autopsy Admission Fees: LKR 600 Activities Overview Info on the sort of activities possible in the finish Wordss: 200 One can research the Fort and the environing country either on pes or on a bike. The bike drives can run from staid 2 -3 hour 1s to whole twenty-four hours trips. Surfboarding at Midigama and Ahangama is another option for surfing partisans. Unawatuna and Hikkaduwa offer beautiful beaches. Galle besides offers the option of plunging to see stone and coral reefs and besides some unreal reefs which have come up on wrecks. One can besides travel to Habaraduwa, to see baby polo-necks hatching at the Sea Turtle Hatchery. For those interested in treasures and jewelry, Millenium Gems offers a scope of treasure rocks and jewelry. Activities Generic, Individual level write-ups Overview of any 3 top, generic activities of the finish Wordss: 3 write ups of 150 words each ( Entire: 450 words ) Headline Dummy text, around 200 words, dummy text, dummy text, around 200 words, dummy text silent person text, around 200 words, dummy text, dummy text, around 200 words, dummy text silent person text, around 200 words, dummy text, dummy text, around 200 words, dummy text silent person text, around 200 words, dummy text, Address and contact inside informations ( if applicable. ) Sea Turtle Hatchery Habaraduwa With the purpose to help the endurance of sea polo-necks, Sea Turtle Farm and Hatchery is a not- for- net income organisation which has opened a Turtle Farm in Habaraduwa ( Galle District ) near a beach. This 8is kilometer from the Galle Matara route. The farm was opened in 1986 and to day of the month hold released over 500,000 sea polo-necks into the sea . With the entry fee of LKR 300 merely, one can see a babe polo-neck hatching out and doing its manner to the sea. Millennium Gems: To see a scope of treasure rocks and ready-made jewelry, one can see Millennium GemsA in the Fort country. A 5th coevals jewelry maker, the proprietor, Mr Mahesh, has over 20 old ages of experience in doing custom jewelry. All the jewelry on offer is hand-made. Millennium Gems specialise in Moonstones and are licensed exporters for it. Tel. : 00 94 91 438 1621 Electronic mail: milleniumgems70a @ yahoo.com Surfboarding Surfboarding is a popular activity in Galle. There are many beaches in and around the metropolis where one can take portion in H2O sporting activities including H2O surfboarding. However, one should avoid the monsoon months if one wishes to bask the H2O featuring activities here, as the beaches are closed during the monsoon months. A popular location for surfing in the part is Ahangama and Midigama, which are less crowded than some other countries. Excursions A ; Tours Overview Info on the type of jaunts and Tourss possible from the finish and the popular 1s depending on pick and budget Wordss: 200 Excursions to Kottawa Rainforest and Arboretum and Hiyare Rainforest Park are possible as full twenty-four hours excursions. The Samakanda eco-tourism undertaking ( www.samakanda.org ) has a 60 acre organic farm and eco-retreat. Day trips can besides be organised to see tea plantations and tea processing mills for approx LKR 750-1000 per individual The Yala Wildlife Sanctuary has leopards, elephants and crocodiles. There is besides rich birdlife here, particularly from October to March when migratory birds arrive. Whale observation is another activity possible near Galle. The seas South of Dondra are a good location to see bluish giants. Recent perceivers besides say that it may be possible to see bluish giants and sperm giants together. Restaurants Overview Info on Main culinary arts, types of constitutions, Street nutrient, Specialities etc. Wordss: 200 A scope of eating houses offering western every bit good as local culinary art are available in Galle. Most eating houses are expensive, but a batch of coffeehouses have besides come up to provide light repasts at sensible monetary values. Several guesthouses in the Fort country besides dish out home-made local cookery for budget travellers. Seafood is popular, and the traditional culinary art has a whole scope of vegetarian options as good. Pan Asian nutrient is besides easy available. Most cafes offer rice and curry at lunch period, every bit good as soups, salads and sandwiches. Restaurants at Amangalla an Galle Fort Hotel are rather popular. Restaurants with other international culinary arts are besides coming up. Though non many Indian eating houses are available, one can happen rice and curry options at most topographic points. Indian Hut, ( on the format of Pizza Hut ) offers a scope of Indian, Pakistani and Chinese dishes for nice monetary value. ( DO NoT give references / contact inside informations in eating house. ) Shoping Overview Info on chief shopping territories, duty-free, deals, fortes, VAT refund etc. Wordss: 200 A figure of galleries and dress shops have come up in Galle. These offer both the western necessities and native artifacts. Galle is besides celebrated for its handcrafts. Teas, spices, old-timers and handcrafts are some of the chief shopping points for tourers. The Dutch Market is known for selling the freshest fruits and veggies and day of the months back 300 old ages. Elephant Walk has a good choice of spices, potions and handcrafts. Kanthisiri is a good option to purchase good quality cotton cloths. Traditional Sri Lankan dress can be bought at Shoba ApparelA Traditional craftspeople can be seen making jewelry, leatherwork, batik, lacing and embellishment at the South Ceylon Industrial Agency A ; Handicraft Factories. For antique Dutch furniture and reproductions, one can see OlandaA . Attractions Overview Overview of the chief finish s high spots ( This will be a summary of 5 to 6 chief attractive forces from sightseeing, activities, jaunts, shopping and eating houses, as applicable ) Wordss: 200 The Galle Fort is the landmark attractive force. The garrison dates back to 1640 and has late been restored after batch of Reconstruction and beautification work. There are many old structured within the garrison to see and research. The Dutch Reformed Church is the oldest church in the part. An old pipe organ with manual bellows, though non in working status can still be seen inside the church. The Galle beacon on Point Utrecht bastion is besides popular. Peace Pagoda, a Buddhist temple, and Meeran Jumma Masjid can besides be visited. The beaches of Unawatuna are besides a major attractive force. The traffic free portion of Main Street offers the local coloring material of little stores and paving bargainers. Whale observation is besides a really popular attractive force. Apart from all that, one can travel surfing on the assorted beaches here. There is besides the sea turtle hatchery at Habaraduwa which one can see. The hatchery is a non net income administration where tourers can see violet polo-necks puting their eggs. The Yala national Park houses many species of workss and animate beings. The topographic point gets a batch of migratory birds during the month of October, which makes it good for bird observation. Traveling To Traveling to Overview Overview of how to go to the finish Wordss: 150 At present, the lone manner to acquire to Sri Lanka is to wing into the island s international airdrome at Katunayake, merely North of Colombo. Sri Lanka is good connected by international air hoses and to the Asian air webs. From India, regular non-stop flights of Jet Airways, Kingfisher, Air India and SriLankan Airlines are available from Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Trivandrum, Tiruchirappali and Delhi. As such, one halt connexion is available to Colombo from about all Indian metropoliss. A few sail line drives that sail between India and Maldives besides stop at Colombo. After acquiring out of the airdrome, one can take a tuk-tuk or cab to the train station less than 1 km off. This station can be used to catch a train to Colombo and onwards to Galle. Alternatively one can take a cab to Colombo and so catch the train to Galle. A individual one manner trip to Galle from Colombo costs Rs 100 to Rs 340 per individual, depending on the category of travel. One can besides travel to Galle by route, either by a cab or by coach. The distance from the international airdrome to Galle is 130 kilometer. It takes about four hours to make Galle from the airdrome by cab or coach, depending on the traffic denseness. Best manner of making the finish will be site specific, including linking flights. Wordss: 150 Taxis or rental autos are the fastest and most comfy manner to make Galle from the airdrome or Colombo. However, taxis are an expensive option. There are standard taxis and gilded taxis, which are air conditioned, available from outside the airdrome. Trains and coachs are a inexpensive option to taxis and auto leases. Intercity express is available from Colombo to Galle and offers comfy seating. However, trains are normally late and do non run often. Buss are another option to make Galle from the airdrome. Majority of the coachs are run by the authorities, although there are private operators every bit good. Buss run often, at an interval of 15-20 proceedingss. However, coachs can acquire crowded as they are the most popular manner of conveyance among locals. Flights Airport info: Location in metropolis, info on airdrome itself and services available, on the terminuss. Wordss: 150 The Bandaranaike International Airport is 130 kilometer from Galle. It has 39 check-in desks, 4 Gatess, short term parking infinites, 3 Airport Hotels, Banks, Post Office, Restaurants, Cafeterias, Bars, VIP Lounge, Duty Free Shop, Gift Shops, Travel Agent, Tourist Help Desk, Car Rental, Taxi Service/Rank, First Aid, Baby/Parent Room and Disabled Access/Facilities. Six Bankss operate in the arrival anteroom for currency exchange installations. Telephone booths are available in the reaching, going and theodolite countries. A communications counter with international direct dialling and facsimile installations is located in the theodolite sofa. Travelers can besides avail the bond luggage installation at the airdrome. Day suites are available for theodolite riders. There are ATMs and currency exchange counters easy available at the airdrome. If airdrome is nearby, include distance, manner of conveyance and travelling clip Wordss: 150 The airdrome is 130 kilometer from Galle. From the airdrome, one can take a coach or a cab to come to Colombo. Taxis and coachs are available at the airdrome. From Colombo to Galle, one can take a train or coach or cab. The journey from Colombo to Galle takes approx 2.5 to 3 hour. The coachs from airdrome to Colombo Fort Railway Station ( Bus # 187 ) run often and cost about LKR 50 per individual, ( may bear down extra LKR 50 per piece of luggage ) and take about 1.5 hour. There are taxis available straight from the airdrome to Galle. The journey by cab takes about four hours and is the most expensive option to travel. Transportations to metropolis ( from the airdrome ) Taxi/Bus/Metro etc. , distance and traveling clip Wordss: 100 From the airdrome, one can lease a auto or engage a cab, to Colombo or beyond to Galle itself. Alternately, take coach # 187 from the airdrome to The Fort Railway Station in Colombo. From Colombo, a coach or a train or a cab can be taken to Galle. Buss do non run straight to Galle. However, one can catch a coach to Colombo and so catch a connecting coach to Colombo. The journey by coach takes about 4 hours form the airdrome to Galle. Trains are another option to make Galle. However, to catch the train, one has to come to Colombo Fort station from the airdrome. The distance between Colombo and Galle is 117 kilometer and the journey by train takes about 2 hours. Trains Train station info: Basic info on the station/s. Location and distance from metropolis landmarks. Facilities at the station Wordss: 100 The train station in Galle is located near to the cricket land and near the garrison country. The coach base is merely 500 m off from the station. One can catch a coach signifier the station for going around the metropolis. The station has ATMs and currency exchange counters. There is besides a supermarket outside the station from where one can purchase food markets and other material. The Galle Fort is at a walking distance from the Galle railroad station. One can besides develop timings at www.bluehaventours.com If nearby train station, include distance, manner of conveyance and travelling clip Wordss: 100 The coach station is near to the train station and there are coachs available to other parts of the metropolis every bit good as other neighboring countries. Buss run often from the station and the cheapest manner of conveyance to go. However, they can acquire crowded. Three Wheelers and taxis are besides available from outside the station. The three Wheelers or the tuk tuks do non hold a meter installed, which is why 1 has to negociate a monetary value before get oning the three Wheeler. Facilities available in the trains Wordss: 50 The intercity express is a train which runs from Colombo to Galle. The train has sleeper category and anterior reserve is needed to board the train. The train has big seats and broad insides. Buss Bus station info: If multiple coach Stationss, reference them and portion info Wordss: 200 The chief coach station of Galle is located in the cardinal country of the metropolis, outside the train station. Buss originate from here and travel to other parts of the metropolis and besides neighbouring metropoliss. There are air learned coachs every bit good as standard coachs available from the coach station. The coachs run at regular intervals, normally at a spread of 15-20 proceedingss. There are bus bases near major tourer attractive forces, and coachs provide good connectivity within the metropolis. However, coachs can acquire crowded, as they are the popular manner of conveyance in the metropolis. Operators: Govt. and Private, Frequency of operation Wordss: 100 Both authorities and private coachs ply on the Colombo Galle path. Frequency of the coachs ranges from 15 to 30 mins. Weather Summary: General clime, Best clip to see Wordss: 200 Galle s conditions remains pleasant throughout the twelvemonth. Coastal and low-land countries have a high temperature around 30 C. Humidity is high, sometimes upto 90 % . Galle being on the south-western seashore experiences the southwest monsoon from late April or May to September/October, with May and June being the wettest months. The best clip to see Galle is from November to mid April. Galle being a cosmopolite with a figure of exiles settled here, does non shut down in the monsoon season like some other smaller towns. However, the sea remains jerky during this season and activities may be restricted. Cotton apparels are advisable throughout the twelvemonth, with extra waterproof protective vesture required during the monsoon season. Visa Visa info: Basic debut on visa Wordss: 200 It is easy for Indians to obtain the Sri Lankan visa, because of the assorted tie ups and the 1954 understanding between India and Sri Lanka. India is one of the 80 states listed in the agenda A of Sri Lanka Visa list. Residents of any of these states can obtain the visiting visa at the port of entry in Sri Lanka. The paperss required are valid passport, application signifier, exposure and visa fees. Default cogency of visa is 30 yearss which can be extended by 2 months. Visa fee is about LKR 150 with a revenue enhancement of LKR 1.50. Tourists can besides acquire theodolite visa at the entry port if the traveller is doing an incident journey to Sri Lanka during his/her onward journey to his/her concluding finishs. Sri Lanka besides has a invitee Visa strategy, which encourages foreign investors to shack with household in Sri Lanka and contribute to the socio economic development of the state. The occupant s visa can be availed by the partner, kids, and parents of the primary applier along with the applier. There are some investing demands to be fulfilled in order to obtain the occupant guest strategy of visa. For farther information, please contact: Sri Lanka High Comission, India 196, T. T. K. Road, Alwarpet 600 018 Chennai India Telephone: +91-44-498-7896 +91-44-498-7612 Facsimile: +91-44-498-7894 Electronic mail: sldehico @ md3.vsnl.net.in Or Department of Immigration and Emigration # 41, Ananda Rajakaruna Mawatha, Maradana, Colombo 10 Tele: +00-94-11-5329000, +00-94-11-5329316/20/21/25 Electronic mail: dcvisa @ immigration.gov.lk Web site: www.immigration.gov.lk Based on arising state clip period, on arrival handiness etc Wordss: 200 If one is from India, one can acquire a visa on reaching in Sri Lanka. However, if one wishes to use for a Visa before set downing in Sri Lanka, one can make so by using at the Sri Lankan high committee in the state. It normally takes 3-4 yearss to acquire the visa for Sri Lanka. One needs a valid passport, two passport sized exposure, a duly filled application signifier and visa fee to use for a visa to the state. Residents of Britain, Australia, US, Canada, Japan and other EU states do non necessitate a visa to see Sri Lanka. Tourists from the undermentioned states are issued visas free of charge for a period of 30 yearss on reaching at Colombo Airport ( installation applicable merely for the tourers ) : ( B ) subjects of Albania, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China ( PR, including Hong Kong ) , Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Korea ( Rep ) , Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Maldives, Montenegro, Nepal, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore, Slovenia, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and United Arab Emirates ; ( degree Celsius ) subjects of CIS states. However, all concern travellers to the state need a visa. Documents required, Processing clip etc. Wordss: 100 India is one of the states listed in the agenda A of Sri Lanka Visa list. One can obtain the visit visa on reaching in Sri Lanka with the paperss such as valid passport, application signifier, exposure and visa fees. If one is using for a visa before coming to the state, it normally takes 3-4 on the job yearss for the application to acquire processed. The visa allows a 30 twenty-four hours of stay cogency along with an extension for 2 months allowed with grounds. Visa fee is about 150INR with a revenue enhancement of 1.50INR. Currency Overview: Name, denominations etc. Wordss: 50 The currency used is the Sri Lankan Rupee represented as LKR. Each rupee has 100 cents. Coins come in denominations of LKR 10, 5,2 and 1 and 25 and 50 cents. Notes are available in denominations of LKR 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000. It is advisable to maintain alteration ready to hand as alteration may non be available with all tradesmans. Accepted Currencies: Other currencies widely accepted Wordss: 50 Most of the hotels and travel services quote their rates in US Dollar or Euros. However the payments still need to be made in the Sri Lankan Rupee. The Indian Rupee besides can non be used for any minutess and must be converted. Some hotels may accept payments from recognition cards of another currency. Currency handiness: Best locations where to change over currencies, ATM, Money modifiers, acceptableness of traveler s checks and international recognition cards, Comparative fees charged for these services One can interchange the currency at the airdrome itself, which has many exchange counters, which are unfastened 24/7. The exchange rates at the airdrome are normally the best. There are besides assorted ATMs available on the airdrome itself, if one needs to retreat money. However, the Bankss may subtract some service charges for retreating money from an ATM. ATMs and money money changers can besides be found near the fort country or in markets. However, the money money changers in this country do non offer really good exchange rates. Private Bankss, like Commercial Bank, Hatton National Bank, HSBC and Sampath Bank offer a quicker service than their government-run rivals ( Bank of Ceylon, People s Bank and National Savings Bank ) . It is ever advised to do all foreign exchange minutess through authorized Bankss or exchanges with the proviso of an encashment reception. Changing money through unauthorized traders is illegal. Unspent rupees may be reconverted at a commercial bank before one leaves the state. Travelers checks ( T/Cs ) issued by American Express and Thomas Cook ( in UK? , US $ or Euro a‚Â ¬ ) are best and are accepted without trouble and give a somewhat better exchange rate than currency notes in Sri Lanka. They besides offer the security of replacing if lost or stolen. Banking Hourss Mon FriA A A Most Bankss are unfastened from 9.00 am to 3.00 autopsies, while certain Bankss are unfastened till 5.00 autopsy SaturdayA A A Most Bankss are unfastened on Saturdays till 1.00 autopsy SundaysA A A A A Banks are closed Info on Forex modifiers and possibilities of best monetary values Wordss: 50 Foreign currency can be exchanged at the Bandaranaike International Airport every bit good as Bankss, hotels and authorized exchanges found all over the city.A However, one should avoid hotels, which ever charge immense premium over the rates available in the metropolis locations. Alert on cozenages and tips to avoid them Wordss: 50 Sri Lanka, along with many states has a major job with credit/debit card fraud card planing etc. Peoples have even had jobs at the airdrome. Therefore, it is best advised to utilize the recognition cards merely when highly necessary. Some constitutions may seek to add a surcharge on the recognition cards payments, which is illegal. Touts and peddlers may jostle and force you while seeking to take you to a peculiar hotel or attractive force as besides for taxis and three-wheelers. It is advisable to non to go entirely after dark. In instance of larceny or any unpleasant incident, reach the Tourist Police Unit Insurance Overview General write-up: What is Travel insurance? What s covered and what s non, How one can use, How one can claim, which are the taking companies. Wordss: 150 Travel insurance or Overseas Medical Insurance is something one should neer bury whenever be aftering an abroad trip. It is indispensable because it covers against medical and other fiscal exigencies that may go on during your travel, like trip hold, loss of passport etc. While a low cost policy does cover the rudimentss, it normally does non cover all affairs of exigencies. Travel insurance is one country where it is non advisable to purchase the cheapest policy. Always do a small research to find the degrees of screen offered with the policy. Major Players in India: ICICI Lombard, Bajaj Allianz, TATA AIG, New India Insurance A ; Royal Sundaram etc. Travel insurance can now be bought straight on the web. Frequent travelers may desire to purchase Multi trip / Frequent Flier plans. In instance of a medical exigency, one must reach the insurance company s Third Party Administrator who can so set up for cashless claims for medical intervention. To do a claim, it is necessary to maintain grosss, or constabularies study, in instance of theft/loss of passport and/or properties. Destination specific insurance policy, Single traveler insurance, Family insurance, against Illnesses etc. Wordss: 150 Insurance premium differs between the companies, as there are some alone benefits with each supplier. There are few who besides provide insurance against hard currency loss / stolen every bit good. Insurance is categorized for chiefly US / Non-US travel and premium varies between these finishs. Besides, there are certain finishs, which are non considered safe or attract inauspicious evaluation from International Safety Organizations or your state of beginning. Thesiss may hold a high premium or limited liabilities offered holding certain exclusions. Insurance sum besides varies as per the amount assured. For an illustration, for Sri Lanka travel, for 5 yearss for a Single traveler, ICICI Lombard Overseas Medical Policy costs around INR 600/- , for a amount assured of USD 50K. For a household travel, insurance cost can be straight relative to figure of grownup / kid going together. However, there are certain household bundles besides, where predominating strategies need to be checked with the particular operators. Traveling Within Traveling within Overview Overview of the options to go within / inside the finish Wordss: 200 The chief travel in Galle is within and around the metropolis. Regular trains are scheduled from Galle to Colombo in the North or Matara to the South. There is a web of services of private coachs from the cardinal coach station to assorted finishs. When going by route, sooner engage a accredited vehicle ( with driver ) for the twenty-four hours or prosecute a cab or tuk-tuk for local journeys. Sri Lanka has a good web of roads linking all major towns A ; tourist finishs. Vehicles drive on the left of the route. The Central Transport Board besides has a broad web of coach services. Express coachs are available to all major metropoliss from Galle. Taxis are besides easy available in the metropolis. Lot of people besides use tuk-tuk, three-wheelers for travel around the metropolis. The cheapest manner of conveyance to go within the metropolis is the coach followed by the three Wheelers. A short journey in a three Wheeler costs around LKR 100. The menu for a coach journey within the metropolis ranges from Rs 4 to Rs 25, depending on the distance travelled. Buss ( info incl. contact inside informations A ; links ) : 50 words Buss run often within the metropolis and offer good connectivity. The Sri Lankan Tourist Development Authority has initiated Tourss in and around Galle to the touristry hot spots. Private coachs ( semi luxury and luxury ) have besides been recently added to the Galle Road service, although they are still in little Numberss merely. They may hold English mark of finish name. By and large they are better maintained and more comfy with drapes and soft seats. Taxis 50 words Some hotels have their ain taxis for invitees, private chauffer goaded autos are easy available for one-way or return journeys, half yearss, full yearss or more. However, one should negociate on a menu before going. Galle has Taxi services where the autos frequently have metres get downing on Rs. 40 and charge about Rs. 65 per kilometre. Some of them may hold air conditioning. Metro/Subway 50 words There is no metro service in Galle as of now. Trains 50 words Train services are easy available to acquire to nearby topographic points. The trains are available for all budgets, from luxury to the economic system category. The trains to other tourist topographic points like Bentota and Kandy are busy at all times. Trains are run by the Sri lankan Government. The approximative menu for a one manner journey by train from Galle to a neighbouring metropolis ranges from Rs 114 to Rs 250, depending on the distance travelled and the category of travel. Others 50 words Three Wheelers are a popular option for intercity travel. However, they do non hold a meter installed, which is why 1 has to negociate a monetary value before get oning. Recently, the Sri Lankan touristry board has introduced Tuk Tuks which have meters installed. These can be identified from their different coloring material combination that the remainder. Indicative menus 50 words The coach menu ranges from Rs 4 to Rs 25 for a one manner trip. A one manner trip by cab can be upwards of Rs 250. The menu for Tuk tuks starts at Rs 50 for 3 kilometers and goes up as the distance additions. The approximative menu for trains for intracity travel is Rs 114 to Rs 250, depending on the distance and the category. Pass ( tourist/visitor A ; otherwise ) : 50 words There are no tourer passes available for travel Car leases There are plentifulness of private operators supplying auto rental services in the metropolis. However, to book a auto, one must be 23yrs or older, have a Sri Lankan or International drive licence, possess a recognition card and do the reserve for at least 1 hebdomad. Ratess vary for auto leases harmonizing to the auto selected and the continuance wanted for. For illustration, a Suzuki Alto rents for USD 150.00 for a hebdomad. Mileage restriction is 90 kilometer / per twenty-four hours. Excess milage costs USD 0.16 per kilometer A Jeep / Nissan X-trail will lease forA USD 373.00 a hebdomad and extra milage is USD 0.40 per kilometer Other Public Transportation Buss: Timings of Operation, Frequency, Connectivity, Average day-to-day fare/Daily base on balls Wordss: 100 The Central Transport Board ( CTB ) and private coach companies operate parallel services. The frequence of the coachs is good, normally at an interval of 20-25 proceedingss, but the coachs are normally crowded. The coachs provide good connectivity, with coach Stationss spread across the metropolis, at popular tourer finishs. There is no installation of a day-to-day base on balls available right now. The approximative menu for coachs is between Rs 4 to Rs 25, for a standard coach. Taxis: Timings of Operation, Frequency, Connectivity, Average daily menu Wordss: 100 Taxiss are easy available in the metropolis and all major tourer finishs, but dialogue demands to be done on the monetary value forepart. Taxis can besides be arranged from the hotel itself, although it might be a little more expensive. Approximate menu for cab for a distance of 5 kilometer is LKR 100. Hired mini-vans with a driver are besides available through travel bureaus and hotel concierges Metro/Train: Timings of Operation, Frequency, Connectivity, Average day-to-day fare/Daily base on balls Wordss: 100 Trains are non meant for intercity travel. One can go from Galle to other neighbouring metropoliss via train. The trains do non run often and frequently run behind agenda. There are economic system trains available every bit good as luxury trains for travel. Anterior reserve is required for some trains like the Intercity Express. Intercity Express has sleeper category and large seats. The approximative menu for a one manner train journey ranges from Rs 114 to Rs 250, depending on the distance travelled. Other: Rickshaw/Trishaw etc. Wordss: 50 Geting about by tuk-tuk is most convenient. Most three-wheelers do non hold any metres fitted with them and so one has to ever negociate and hold on a monetary value before one takes a trip. The approximative menu for three Wheelers ranges from Rs 50 to Rs 250.

Berkshire Partners Bidding For Carter Essays

Berkshire Partners Bidding For Carter Essays Berkshire Partners Bidding For Carter Paper Berkshire Partners Bidding For Carter Paper Berkshire Partners, which h had extensive experience investing in the retail and manufacturing sectors, was initial ally drawn to o Carters because of the strong brand name night of the senior the co many had developed during d its 136 -year history y, as well ass for the street man augment team m. (See Exhibit 1 for a profile of Berkshire. ) TO o investigate the t option off a potential LOBO, Berkshire assembled d a five-member beer team, to b be led by managing directors Ross Joy ones and Bra Adele Bloom and senior associate Mice hall Occasion. (See Exhibit bit 2 for biographical sketches. The tea am would have eve less than eight weeks to o move thro ugh all the stages of a Goldman Cashled auction -?from initial research and due diligence to valuation and bid strategy. In addition to running the auction and thereby serve ins as Carters agent, Go Olden Caches (GAS) would d be offering g staple-on financing. Under this arrangement, the he winning b bidder would d have the pop option to final once the deal the wrought a prep packaged capital structure proposed by Goldman Cash. L Carters ca arties was of mounded in 18 865 in Amended, Massage hugest. Over the course o of 136 years in the highly y competitive apparel industry, the company became the largest branded d manufacturer Of toddler and baby apparel in thee United Estates and also a leading make Kerr of young ACH Aldens clothing. Divide ding its mark et into five segments-?Ia eyeteeth (i. E. , n newborn), baby sleepwear, baby play wear, young g childrens sleepwear, ND young childrens play. N. wear-?the com many sough HTH to outfit children for the first six yea ears of life, fro mom birth to buy In the early 199 ass, the company found itself struggling g. Owned at the time by in insurance com many Mute al Benefit Life and Wesley y Capital Corp.. , Carters h had developed unprofitable blew product line ones in swimwear and UN underwear, and d many of its more decorative features (zippers, cue UT bows, etc. ) were not well w received by b consumers. In 1 992, thee company installed a new w management NT team led by y CEO Frederick J. Row an, with the intention of steering it back to its core niche off soft, comfortable 1 Moor gang Stanley had recently made a similar offering to the eventual b buyer of Dresser Equipment Grog pup-?underwriting SSL . Billion in debt financing after leading the he auction. While staple-on financing was not a typical practice, , it was becoming nag more common professor or Malcolm Baker and a Research Associate James Quinn, Global Research G Group, prepared this case. HOBS cases rare developed solely as the basis Orr class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, e so urges of primary dat a, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright get 0 2005, 2008, 2011 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To rod deer copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1800-5457685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston n, MA 02163, or go to H hobs. Harvard. Due. No part of this pub publication m or by any mean may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a SP broadsheet, or transmitted in any form ins-?electronic, mechanical, hotfoot opining, recording or o otherwise-?with hoot the permission n of Harvard Busing news School. This document is authorized for use only by Skylark Fang ([emailprotected] Com). Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Please contact [emailprotected] Org or 800-988-0886 for additional copies. 205-058 Berkshire Partners: Bidding for Carters clothing. 2 Rowan arrived with 39 years of experience in the industry, most recently running the Bassett-Walker and Lee Jeans division of IF Corporation. Many members of his executive team were also former managers with IF Corporation. With a strategy of simplifying Carters products, Rowan and his team returned to producing what they called high-volume, basic apparel. Product design remained relatively consistent from year to year: About two-thirds of the apparel was carried forward from season to season with the same fabric and construction, varying Only through color and artistic layout. Rowan and his team also focused on improving the capabilities of their supply chain while exploring offshore sourcing options. Throughout the compass history, it had relied on domestic manufacturing to produce its clothing. Bu t amidst an increasingly global environment in which more and more U. S. Impasses were outsourcing production abroad, Rowan sought cost improvements and manufacturing flexibility through manufacturing abroad. In 1 992, Carters closed two of its domestic sewing plants and made plans to close six additional sewing plants and its main textile mill. Central America and Mexico soon became the companys first international production sites. By 1996, with operating and financial performance beginning to turn around, Carters was acquired in a leveraged buyout by Investor S. A. , the Bahrain-based firm est. known for its investments in Gucci Group, Asks Inc. And Tiffany Co. Investor (see Exhibit 3 for profile) paid approximately $208 million. This included $56. 1 million in senior debt and $90 million in subordinated debt. The purchase was consistent with the firms philosophy of injecting patient capital into North American and European companies; this simply involved waiting for the busines s to improve before selling it or taking it public. At the time of the Investor LOBO, Carters was doing business with over 400 wholesale accounts, including department stores, national chains, and epically stores. It had also established a major domestic presence with its outlet stores: The company operated roughly 150 retail outlet stores across the country. Consumers could purchase Carters merchandise through these outlets stores at a deep discount, with the outlet stores offering new products, holdovers from excess inventory, as well as assorted Carters brand accessories and licensed products. Beginning in 2000, Carters launched a new brand called Tykes. A departure from its two mainstay brands, Carters and Carters Classics, the Tykes brand was aimed at the discount channel. Its introduction coincided with a series of conversations with executives from Target, an emerging general merchandise retailer. Target was interested in expanding the stores offerings in baby and childrens lifestyle clothing. With the assurance that Carters could keep its shelves automatically replenished, the companies struck a long-term deal in which the Tykes brand was made immediately available at all 972 Target stores across the country. By the summer of 2001, Rowan seemed to have Carters on a path of operational and financial SUccess. From 1992 to 2000, the company increased venue at a compound annual growth rate of 9. %, with earnings before income, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) increasing 22. 1%. (See Exhibit 4 for selected financial. ) Analysts attributed much of the comma NYSE growth to improved brand recognition, a lower cost structure, expansion into the discount channel, and the movement of some manufacturing operations offshore-?while recognizing Inves tor as an able and willing partner in managing the growth. 2 Chris Rough, Investment Bank Buys Morrows William Carter Co. , The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, November 1, 1996. ([emailprotected] Com). Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Please contact [emailprotected] Org or Up for Sale In mid-2000, having watched over the growth of its investment in Carters, Investor decided it was time to sell its stake in the company. Investor typically looked at a range of exit options, but at the time the initial public offering (PIP) market was at a near standstill. In Joneses view: Investor might have been able to take this company public in 2001. But they were at the end of a five-year period, and they wanted liquidity. So to sit there, take another year or two to work their way out of a public stock was not something they wanted. He added: Theyve [Investor] got a network of investors that fund them, but if you dont have good returns coming out to keep talking about, it makes it harder to raise money. So in the normal course they were looking to generate a win through the sale of Carters. Amidst rumors that a handful of potential strategic buyers had passed on the deal, including apparel companies Jones Apparel and SSH Gosh Bogs, Investor initiated an auction among financial buyers. Christopher OBrien, a ember of Investors management committee, added: The nature of this companys business is that it is not particularly related to economic swings. We thought it was a company that financial buyers would find attractive in this marketplace. 3 Berkshire Partners Berkshire Partners was founded in the mid-sass by five individuals committed to creating a private equity firm based on successful relationships, hard work, analysis, and the open decision making of all individuals. 4 By 2001 , the firm comprised roughly 10 managing directors, 4 principals, 12 investment staff (associate level), and 2 advising directors. In a given year, the firm reviewed some 1,200 potential deals, with the intention of whittling the pool down to five to six closed deals. Jones estimated the number of times per year the firm completed full due diligence and submitted a final bid at about 12: Our batting average is pretty good-?we tend to go all the way on things we think we have pretty good odds of winning. So were not making a run at 40 things and getting five. Were doing it on 10-15, and we might get almost there on another handful. For each deal under serious consideration, Berkshire formed a deal team comprising our to five people. A managing director served as lead partner for each team. A team would typically contain an additional managing director, a principal, and one or two investment staff. According to Jones, As a firm, our work is very inclusive and collaborative in our efforts to uncover all the key information. While the deal team took responsibility for making a recommendation and then doing due diligence and bringing back an investment package, ultimate investment decisions rested with the firm as a whole. In analyzing a potential deal, Berkshire relied largely on its internal staff to array out the analysis and would use a Pain and McKinney to help us answer or flush out a couple of issues that we just dont have the resources to do. Beyond that, the firm relied on leading Boston law firms to carry out due diligence on contracts, leases, patents, and trademarks. Ernst Young (EY) handled the firms accounting due diligence, which principally involved looking at quality of earnings. According to Occasion, getting the capital structure right was an art, not a science. He added: There are a lot of factors that go into determining the right financing structure. To st art, theres arches price-?dollars needed to ultimately buy the company. And, of course, there are your 3 Kelly Holman, Berkshire Buys William Carter Co. The Daily Deal, July 17, 2001. 4 Berkshire Partners Web site, Our partnership, Breathlessness. Com/l_o_partnership. SHTML, accessed December 1, 2004. 3 returns. Obviously, if I hold purchase price steady, and increase my leverage, my equity returns will increase, and so on. Berkshire managers believed the equity portion of the capital structure at the time needed to be at least 25% in order to achieve the desired ratings outcome and demonstrate to the lending ease that Berkshire Was making a serious commitment. At the time, investment banks were willing to lend at a rate of roughly four to five times EBITDA, with the multiple determined largely by market conditions. Occasion continued, This is coupled with the challenge of asking yourself: Is this the appropriate amount of leverage for a business of this type; what do the ratings look like; how difficult will it be to get the financing completed; and what does that mean in terms of your total financing costs? These are all the variables that you play with to try to figure out the optimal capital structure for the business. After taking an equity position in a private business, Berkshire saw its role as supporting management in a variety of ways, including a) helping to prioritize key objectives, b) reviewing organizational design, c) helping to build the bench of key managers, and d) even leading the integration process in the event of a subsequent acquisition. Jones added: would say that weve done a lot of work over the last several years to be more thoughtful about how to address opportunities for companies up front and align strategically with management. So in thinking about how we add value, it is important to look t the work we do in due diligence not only as critical to making a smart investment decision, but also a critical foundation to operate from during the life of the investment. At any given time, Berkshire held a portfolio of roughly 25 investments. About half of these businesses required very little of Berkshires management attention-?the firm was on top of these businesses and fully expected to exit them in due course. About one-quarter of the businesses required a moderate level of attention, and another one- quarter required Berkshire to be very focused on them. Businesses earning the largest amount of attention did so because its the early stages, or we could still have a meaningful impact and theyre very important to our firms success. Berkshires typical exit strategy was sale of the company, rather than an PIP, by a ratio of about four to one. The firms conditions for exiting via an PIP were threefold: 1) a strong brand, 2) strong growth potential, and 3) a dramatic need for capital. Unlike many other private equity firms that often used an PIP to close out their ownership stake, Berkshire was more likely to initiate an PIP in the middle of its ownership with the intention f staying involved with the management and helping the company to grow. In many cases, a follow-on offer would ensue. Berkshires Bid for Carters When Berkshire Partners received an invitation to participate in the auction for Carters, the investment team was initially optimistic about a potential match between the two organizations. The firm had developed a focus on building strong, growth-oriented companies in conjunction with strong, equity-incanted management teams. 5 Berkshire viewed Carters not simply as an apparel company in the retail space, but more as a consumer products company. According to Jones, Carters being a really Strong brand that could be leveraged across multiple channels was something that we found very appealing, and in general find appealing. 5 Berkshire Partners Web site, Press Releases, http:// www. Irrationalness. Com/5_1 _ 17_press. SHTML, accessed September 1, 2004. 4 ([emailprotected] Com). Copying or posting is an infringement Of copyright Please contact [emailprotected] Org or Initial Meeting On the first Tuesday of May, Berkshires five-member team traveled to New York to meet with Carters management. The Carter team included the CEO, resident of marketing, executive vice president of operations, executive vice president of global sourcing, and SCOFF. The meeting provided an opportunity for the respective managers to get to know one another, to discuss the ground rules for the auction, and to begin a dialogue about the future growth strategy for Carters. To a person, the Berkshire executives were very impressed with the Carter team, acknowledging their experience, commitment, and confidence in their five-year plan. (See Exhibit 5 for four elements of growth strategy. ) The initial meeting also opened lines of communication between Berkshire ND Goldman Cash, which Carters had engaged to run the auction process. In the early weeks of May, Berkshires team had a number of discussions with Goldman Cash. The deal was being shown to a limited number of financial buyers (more than 2, less than 10), and not all potential buyers would be given the opportunity Berkshire had been given to meet with the management team prior to submitting a preliminary bid. In addition to running the auction, Goldman Cash was providing staple-on financing for the deal, although the buyers were not limited to the Goldman financing Truckee and could choose to submit a bid that would be financed by other sources. (See Exhibit 6 for proposed capital structure. Members of the Berkshire team acknowledged that a staple-on financing structure, if not actually compared against competing offers in the market, could create a conflict Of interest for an investment bank. A banks dual role of auctioneer and financier, if unchecked, could pressure a buyer to accept inferior financing terms in order to win the bid. Occasion stated: Th ere were a lot of tensions inherent in the new staple-on structure. The investment banks ere concerned externally about how it would affect their reputations, and the private equity guys werent that excited about it. They felt it limited their ability to get an edge in the bidding process by bringing more creative financing to deals. What the staple-on did provide, however, was generally a more expedited financing process. Nevertheless, the Berkshire team came away from the meeting in New York eager to look carefully into the deal. In the ensuing days, Goldman furnished Berkshire with a summary of financial projections put together by Carters management (see Exhibits AAA, b, and c). GAS also indicated that the process required potential buyers to submit equity bids of at least $130 million to be considered.

Bussiness and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bussiness and Ethics - Essay Example The theory of intellectual property advocates specific ways to shape moral character and refine aesthetic works. In education, universal ethical principles are communicated to the student-both through didactic instruction and exemplary action--so that they might be applied in concrete situations. Useful pedagogical tools include examples and lessons found in fairy tales, fiction and biography. Although some idealists believe social wisdom (traditions, cultural conventions and so forth) is the repository of moral principles (Vicinus and Eisner 2008). The theoretical work or a work of art is a creative process based on unique skills and knowledge of the author. If the author person uses his ideas, this practice can be defined as a theft. I ethics goodness flows from the proper activity of reason. The morally good act is that which is controlled by the intellect. Knowledge of what is right is fundamental: people cannot do the right unless they know what it is (Posner, 2007). Cooperating with the intellect in the moral venture is the human will. The will is to perform what the intellect judges to be right. In conception of the ethical life, the will is subservient to the intellect. Moral error, then, stems from either ignorance on the part of the intellect or weakness on the part of the will.

Effective Communication as a Code Enforcement Officer Term Paper

Effective Communication as a Code Enforcement Officer - Term Paper Example For Code Enforcement Officers to learn and practise effective communication in their work, it is recommended that efforts at the personal and organizational level must be shown. While the employers of Code Enforcement Officers should offer free training on effective communication, the officers themselves must reflect on their weaknesses in communication and develop personal strategies of overcoming them in order to be effective communicators. Effective communication is the core of healthy relationships and is important for all professionals. Code Enforcement Officers work with communities and their tasks are centred on people with whom they interact with daily. For Code Enforcement Officers, therefore effective communication is mandatory in order to ensure good outcome from their work. This paper discusses effective communication as it applies to Code Enforcement Officers. The main argument is that effective communication is necessary for all Code Enforcement Officers, as each of the tasks they perform can only be executed effectively when effective communication is involved. This paper will add value to the knowledge on effective communication and Code Enforcement Officers. In addition, this has implications for individual Code Enforcement Officers, the state governments that employ the Code Enforcement Officers as well as any other individual interested in effective communication. This paper is also meaningful to me as this has widened my knowledge on effective communication through the diverse sources that I have utilised for my research to develop the paper. This paper also draws on concepts taught in class especially on communication, thus is an application of concepts learnt in class. The choice of topic of this paper was motivated by the fact that Code Enforcement Officers play an important role in society and work selflessly for the good of other people notwithstanding the

Analysis of Ideology in a Chosen Film - Girl Interrupted Essay

Analysis of Ideology in a Chosen Film - Girl Interrupted - Essay Example She is weak, she finds herself drawn to same sex, and depressed. During her stay in the psychiatric hospital, Susanna becomes friend with other ward-mates; a group of different women who are faced with different mental disorders. Susanna’s real life journey in finding her identity, purpose of her being and coping with her personality disorders. The story of the movie holds different themes and set of ideologies in it. Each theme tells the viewer of the reality, a different yet bitter truth that is faced by majority of the young generation and everyday life of a person who has no focus and no direction in life and how world and the society stands against that downtrodden soul. This is a true story of Susanna Kaysen which was earlier published in the form of a book under the same title. However, Susanna has tried her level best to communicate with the audience directly about the problems she was faced with in her life through this movie. This movie unveils the different hidden l ayers in the personality of a young teenager girl which represents the overall young generation and their suffering in a very well directed manner. ... ot deny the fact that culture is the basic key element in the establishment of a society however; our culture has failed to give the rights and the proper status to the young generation which has left them unfocused, directionless and depressed with a blur future. It has been clearly shown in the movie that those young children who do not get enough love from their homes and attention from their parents become the victim of confusion, distress and with the passage of time their personalities become shattered. Strong language has been used in the film which shows that how mentally unstable women use language as a medium to vent out their emotions and feelings of hate and betrayal. It is a common fact that those children who do not get attention from home become use to of using strong language in their daily life because they lack the sense of respect and grace for others and for themselves. This film describes the role of parents in this regard that how their attitude can push their c hild into insanity. It is important to understand that female children are more prone to adopt compulsive personality as compare to males. Gender Exploitation: As the title of the movie says, â€Å"Girl Interrupted,† this movie revolves around the story of a female which is a victim of gender exploitation by the society and also by the culture. It is important to understand that women are the victim of discrimination; they are provided with limited choices with no significant importance given to them by the society. In today’s world, women are faced with prejudices and gender bias by majority of groups present in the society. Similarly, in the movie Susanna is shown as a weak gender which is the victim of inequality, betrayal and harassment. Majority of women are faced with mental stress

Principle Of Material Balance With Chemical Reaction Biology Essay

Principle Of Material Balance With Chemical Reaction Biology Essay The aim of this report is to make use of the principal of material balance with chemical reaction so to able to find out the yield, conversion rate and rate of reaction for the batch process. The hypothesis made in this experiment was when the concentration of sodium hydroxide decreases, the conductivity values also decreases. The steps for conducting this experiment are to prepare the reagents first. Then allow the reaction between the two reactants sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to mix together for reaction. Take note of the time and draw graphs of the reaction and finally find the yield of the reaction. There are two conditions to be studied in this case and it can be determined by the group itself. In this report, the concentration used is 0.01M of ethyl acetate and 0.02M of ethyl acetate solution. The yield calculated was that yield was higher in 0.02M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.01M of ethyl acetate. The rate of reaction is higher also in 0.02M of ethyl acetate solution based on the steepness of the graph. This is because as more molecules react with each other, more product will form at the same time and therefore in average, more product are formed at the same time and hence rate of reaction increase. However, the conductivity value was higher in 0.01M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.02M of ethyl acetate. This happened as more NaOH is being reacted with 0.02M of ethyl acetate solution. When this occurs, the conductivity value decreases as NaOH is a best conductor of electricity among the reactants and if the concentration decreases, the conductivity values also decreases and vice versa. Overall, the hypothesis made and the aim made for this experiment is correct and it also follows the law of material balance with chemical reaction. iii 1. Introduction Background Literature In the process industry, maximizing the yield is important as not only it save cost of production, but also bring more profits to a company. However, maximizing the yield is closely related to the conversion of units and rate of reaction. This is because with the help of the two factors, then maximizing yield could be done possible (Singapore Polytechnic 2009). Much time were set apart in this area at the industry to adjust the factors to optimum factors for the maximum yield it can have. Beside maximum yield, maximum reaction is also required between the reactants. Reaction rate is especially important in the industry as there is a need to know exactly what is the required time needed for the reaction to be complete. It can be calculated by finding the rate of the reaction is going at a constant time and multiply against the amount of reactants used. In this experiment, the main objective is to look at the saponification of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate solution to form the desired product sodium acetate. Overall, the whole experiment wanted the students to get prepared for the fundamentals of material balance with chemical reaction through the reaction between the reactants to get the final product. 1.2 Aim The aim of this experiment is to study and determine the yield, conversion and reaction rate of the starting reagents sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. It helps the students to know how to calculate the yield. 1.3 Hypothesis In this experiment, the main objective is to find out the relationship between the concentration of NaOH and the conductivity values. According to the theory, as the reaction of ethyl acetate increases, conductivity values will decrease and vice versa. 1 2. Theory 2.1 Introduction of Theory In this case, material balance deals with chemical reaction where students associate the product and the reactants. Material balance states that reactant that goes in to react must come out from the system as a product. The law of material balance also states that a system must, by conservation of mass, either leave the system or accumulate within the system. (Wikipedia 12 Dec 2009) The reactants used are sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate by processing it batch wise in a reactor to produce the desired product sodium acetate and the by- product ethanol. 2.2 Saponification Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of an acid This term is normally associated with the reaction of an alkali (normally metal) with a fat compound to form soap. However, only certain lipids that contain ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This reaction is also catalyzed by a strong acid or base. (Wikipedia 12 Dec 2009). The alkali that is going to be used is sodium hydroxide solution and the ester that is to be used is ethyl acetate solution. After it had reacted, it will form the product sodium acetate. In the past, saponification also refers as soap making as the properties of the reactants is about the same only with the exception that fats or oil is used instead of the ester ethyl acetate. 2.3 Batch Process Batch process is an operation where a fixed amount of reactants are being fed into the reactor. It is an unsteady state process where the flow rate of the system is not proportional to the time taken to flow. So therefore, the rate where sodium acetate where it is formed is not constant and the rate of accumulation are also not constant. Accumulation consists of either the reactants which had not been used up during the reaction or the product that are being left inside the reactor. The product will stop producing if any of the reactants is used up. The reactant that is being used up first is the limiting reagent. Normally, limiting reagent is the more expensive reagent. Because it can save up cost of production as it is considered wasteful if there is any expensive reagent not used up. Ethyl acetate, being the more expensive reagent, will be the limiting reagent in wise. There are also two equations relating to the batch process. Final Output-Initial Output = Generation Consumption If there is no reaction, Initial Input= Final Output (Product=Reactants) (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2 2.4 Conductivity Conductivity is a measure of an electrolyte of its ability to conduct electricity. (Wikipedia 2009) The S.I unit of conductivity is Siemens per metre (S/m). Conductivity measurements are usually used in many industrial and environmental applications. This is because it has been proven as a fast, inexpensive way of measuring the ionic content of a solution. For example, the measurement of product conductivity is done so by tracing the performance of the water purification system under close monitor. In many cases, conductivity is linked directly to the total dissolved solids (T.D.S). High quality deionised water has a conductivity values of about 5.5 lS/m, drinking water is in the range of five-fifty mS/m while sea water is about 5 S/m. The reason why sea water has such high conductivity because of the ionic compounds dissolved in it and all of them are conductor of electricity. The most basic compound dissolved in seawater is table salt, Sodium Chloride. For this experiment, the result that is required is the conductivity of sodium hydroxide solution after reacting with ethyl acetate for a certain period of time. The amount of time set for the reaction is twenty minutes and it can be adjusted accordingly. 2.5 Yield Yield is the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. The units of yield can be given in grams or in moles. To be exact, yield is also defined as the mole/s of desired product formed per mole of key reactant fed into the reactor. This experiment also required the students to find out the yield or how much the products it has which is the desired product sodium acetate. Even though ethanol is still considered as a product, it is a by-product and hence the yield is not required to find out. 3 Procedure (Singapore Polytechnic 2009). 3.1 Pre- Assessment activity Before starting the experiment, besides preparing the starting reagents, students have to ensure what are the equipments required for this experiment. After checking it, make sure to rinsed all apparatus with D.I water to ensure no impurities present in any of the equipments. There is also a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) that tell us the nature of NaOH and ethyl acetate. The data sheet also tells us what are the hazards and the safety precaution to take note of for these two compounds. 3.2 How to Prepare the Starting Reactant Firstly, students must read how to handle NaOH and ethyl acetate and the recommended way of disposing these two chemicals. Disposable gloves and chemical goggles is a must as even if the chemical spilled out, the glove will prevent the chemicals from harming the students. 500ml of ethyl acetate is to be prepared at this stage as the concentration is being discussed during the pre- assessment activity. Students may use the measuring cylinder to measure the required volume of both reactants and the volume is the pre-determined during the pre-assessment activity. Then both are being poured into the 500ml volumetric flask respectively. The solutions are to be filled up to the 500ml mark for both reactants. 3.3 Experimental Setup Pour in the NaOH solution to the reactor. Alter the set up condition accordingly by the discussed by the group earlier same as the volume used for the reactants. Make sure it is approved by the lecturer. Remember to record down the reaction of conditions such as the stirring speed of the stirrer, concentrations, temperature and the volume of the reactants. Make sure the conductivity probe is inside the solution. Pour NaOH in first. Then when ethyl acetate solution is poured in, start the timer immediately. Record the value every 1 minute and this goes on up to 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, stop the stirring device and remove the magnetic bar using the magnetic rod. Clean all the equipments properly (e.g. Clean the conductivity probe with D.I water etc). Before doing so, pour all the unwanted solution to the containers respectively. Repeat the experiment again with different condition. Repeat the steps mentioned above. Tidy up the workplace and the experiment is considered done. 4 Results And Calculation 4.1 How to Determine the Yield of Sodium Acetate at 15 Minutes for 0.01M of Ethyl Acetate? The yield of sodium acetate at 15 minutes can be determined by the concentration of NaOH. From the concentration, students can find out the amount of mole of NaOH and also by the molar ratio of NaOH and ethyl acetate. By making use of the results form the procedure, students can also find out the concentration of NaOH and ethyl acetate. Theoretical Mole of NaOH = 0.01 X 0.5L = 0.005 mol Actual Mole of NaOH = 0.00156 X 0.5L = 0.00078mol Number of moles reacted = 0.005 0.00078 = 0.00422mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00422/0.005 X 100% = 84.4% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00078 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00078/0.005 =0.156 4.2 What Is the Yield When 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate Solution Used At 15 Minutes? Theoretical mole of NaOH = 0.02 X 0.5L = 0.01 mol Actual mole of NaOH = 0.0017 X 0.5L = 0.00085mol Number of moles reacted = 0.01 0.00085 = 0.00915mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00915/0.01 X 100% = 91.5% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, Actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00085 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00085/0.01 = 0.085 5 4.3 What Is the Rate of Reaction When 0.01M And 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate? Figure 1: Rate of reaction for 0.01M of ethyl acetate Figure:2 Rate of reaction for 0.02M of ethyl acetate 6 4.4 How to Determine Rate Constant The rate constant can also be determined by the graph except by drawing a tangent line against it as the tangent line mean the rate is going at a constant rate. Figure 3: Rate constant for 0.01M of ethyl acetate Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00265-0.0012 Ã · 20 1 = 0.0000763 (From the graph) Figure 4: Rate constant of 0.02M of ethyl acetate Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00275 0.00125 Ã · 20 1 = 0.0000789 (From the graph) 7 Discussion 5.1 Factors Affecting Rate of Constant The factor that may affect rate of constant is temperature of the reactor, concentration of the reactants, pressure or volume of the reactants. Firstly, as temperature rises, it can lead to a higher probability of particles colliding each other. Hence it will increase rate of reaction with an increase of the temperature, the moving speed of the molecules increases, with higher moving speed, it will increase the chances of molecules colliding to each other, therefore increases the rate of reaction. However, during the experiment, the temperature of the reactor was keep constant at a range of 23.5oC which is at room temperature, therefore, temperature was not taken in to account in this experiment. Secondly, concentration of the reactors, with a high concentration of the reactant, the rate of reaction with also increases. This is caused by the increasing number of particles in a reactant. With larger amount of particles, the successful rate of particles colliding in to each other are higher, therefore cater to a faster rate of reaction. However, as we are conducting the experiments, instruction of using a constant concentration of the reactant were told, therefore, concentration of the reactant is also not to be taken in to account. 5.2 Factors Affecting Conversion and Yield The equation above have NaOH and ethyl acetate as their reactants and sodium acetate and ethanol as the products formed. As indicated on the lab manual, the amount of NaOH used is fixed at 0.1M, therefore reactant A is ethyl acetate and the desired product is sodium acetate. The factors that affect the yield of the desired product are the volume and concentration of reactant A which are fed in to the reactor. With an increment of both the volume and concentration of reactant A, the number of moles of the reactant will increase. Two experiments were done to prove that volume can cater to a different yield. The first trail of the experiment, the volume of ethyl acetate was set to 0.49cm3 and on the second trial, 0.92cm3. The yield of the product decreased as the volume increased, this was proven as the yield of the second reaction was lower than the first. 8 Factors Affecting Conductivity Values Mainly, there are two main factors that are affecting the conductivity values. There are the speed of the stirrer and rate of reaction. When the speed of the stirrer increases, the conductivity values decreases. This is because it introduces more collisions between the particles and hence more products are formed at the same time. As more NaOH is being converted to sodium acetate, the conductivity value will increase as mainly NaOH is the best conductor of electricity present within the reaction and vice versa. Temperature indeed affects the conductivity values but as the temperature during the reaction is being kept constant, it will not be any of the factors that affect the reaction. Precautions In Experiment There are some precautions taken for the experiment. For example, when handle corrosive or volatile chemicals such as NaOH or ethyl acetate, make sure to wear disposable glove and avoid smelling ethyl acetate as it is a volatile liquid. Also, the smell of ethyl acetate is harmful to our body and when are diluting it, it is best to wear a surgical mask while extracting the pure ethyl acetate solution. While doing the experiment, wear safety goggles at all times to prevent the spurring of the reactants during the chemical reaction. After doing the experiment, also make sure that the magnet is taken out by the magnetic rod and not take it by the hand itself. This is because chemicals present in the beaker may not have reacted completely and traces of reactants may still be found present in the solution. This is a common mistake made by students as some of them will take it out by bare hand after realizing they did not take it out before washing. Comparison between the Yields of Different Concentration of Ethyl Acetate. Yield obtained in 0.01M of ethyl acetate is 78% while yield obtained in 0.02M of ethyl acetate is 85%. After comparing the yield between the two concentrations of ethyl acetate, 0.02M of ethyl acetate tends to have higher yield than 0.01M of ethyl acetate solution. The result is the same as the hypothesis made at the start of the report. This is because as there are more molecules of ethyl acetate present during the reaction. The rate of reaction increases because of the kinetic particle theory. The kinetic particle theory states that as more molecules collide during the reaction, it will form more products. Hence, yield will increase as more products are formed. 9 Comparison between the rates of reaction of different concentration of ethyl acetate. The curve was smoother in 0.01M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.02M of ethyl acetate. This is because with a high concentration of the reactant, the rate of reaction with also increases. This is caused by the increasing number of particles in a reactant. With larger amount of particles, the successful rate of particles colliding in to each other are higher, therefore cater to a faster rate of reaction. Hence, rate of reaction was faster in 0.02M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.01M of ethyl acetate. 10 6. Conclusion In conclusion, the aim that was made at the start of the experiment was successful as students has indeed learnt the fundamentals of material balance that even though the time required to make the product varies with the amount of products, anything that goes in must also get out is the main point that the students learnt. There are many factors that can affect the condition studied. This includes temperature, pressure, volume, rate of reaction, conversion and yield etc. Also, as the NaOH concentration increases, the conductivity values also increases and vice versa. This is the same hypothesis made in this report and therefore it can be concluded that the hypothesis is correct. 11