Principle Of Material Balance With Chemical Reaction Biology Essay

Principle Of Material Balance With Chemical Reaction Biology Essay The aim of this report is to make use of the principal of material balance with chemical reaction so to able to find out the yield, conversion rate and rate of reaction for the batch process. The hypothesis made in this experiment was when the concentration of sodium hydroxide decreases, the conductivity values also decreases. The steps for conducting this experiment are to prepare the reagents first. Then allow the reaction between the two reactants sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to mix together for reaction. Take note of the time and draw graphs of the reaction and finally find the yield of the reaction. There are two conditions to be studied in this case and it can be determined by the group itself. In this report, the concentration used is 0.01M of ethyl acetate and 0.02M of ethyl acetate solution. The yield calculated was that yield was higher in 0.02M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.01M of ethyl acetate. The rate of reaction is higher also in 0.02M of ethyl acetate solution based on the steepness of the graph. This is because as more molecules react with each other, more product will form at the same time and therefore in average, more product are formed at the same time and hence rate of reaction increase. However, the conductivity value was higher in 0.01M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.02M of ethyl acetate. This happened as more NaOH is being reacted with 0.02M of ethyl acetate solution. When this occurs, the conductivity value decreases as NaOH is a best conductor of electricity among the reactants and if the concentration decreases, the conductivity values also decreases and vice versa. Overall, the hypothesis made and the aim made for this experiment is correct and it also follows the law of material balance with chemical reaction. iii 1. Introduction Background Literature In the process industry, maximizing the yield is important as not only it save cost of production, but also bring more profits to a company. However, maximizing the yield is closely related to the conversion of units and rate of reaction. This is because with the help of the two factors, then maximizing yield could be done possible (Singapore Polytechnic 2009). Much time were set apart in this area at the industry to adjust the factors to optimum factors for the maximum yield it can have. Beside maximum yield, maximum reaction is also required between the reactants. Reaction rate is especially important in the industry as there is a need to know exactly what is the required time needed for the reaction to be complete. It can be calculated by finding the rate of the reaction is going at a constant time and multiply against the amount of reactants used. In this experiment, the main objective is to look at the saponification of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate solution to form the desired product sodium acetate. Overall, the whole experiment wanted the students to get prepared for the fundamentals of material balance with chemical reaction through the reaction between the reactants to get the final product. 1.2 Aim The aim of this experiment is to study and determine the yield, conversion and reaction rate of the starting reagents sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. It helps the students to know how to calculate the yield. 1.3 Hypothesis In this experiment, the main objective is to find out the relationship between the concentration of NaOH and the conductivity values. According to the theory, as the reaction of ethyl acetate increases, conductivity values will decrease and vice versa. 1 2. Theory 2.1 Introduction of Theory In this case, material balance deals with chemical reaction where students associate the product and the reactants. Material balance states that reactant that goes in to react must come out from the system as a product. The law of material balance also states that a system must, by conservation of mass, either leave the system or accumulate within the system. (Wikipedia 12 Dec 2009) The reactants used are sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate by processing it batch wise in a reactor to produce the desired product sodium acetate and the by- product ethanol. 2.2 Saponification Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of an acid This term is normally associated with the reaction of an alkali (normally metal) with a fat compound to form soap. However, only certain lipids that contain ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This reaction is also catalyzed by a strong acid or base. (Wikipedia 12 Dec 2009). The alkali that is going to be used is sodium hydroxide solution and the ester that is to be used is ethyl acetate solution. After it had reacted, it will form the product sodium acetate. In the past, saponification also refers as soap making as the properties of the reactants is about the same only with the exception that fats or oil is used instead of the ester ethyl acetate. 2.3 Batch Process Batch process is an operation where a fixed amount of reactants are being fed into the reactor. It is an unsteady state process where the flow rate of the system is not proportional to the time taken to flow. So therefore, the rate where sodium acetate where it is formed is not constant and the rate of accumulation are also not constant. Accumulation consists of either the reactants which had not been used up during the reaction or the product that are being left inside the reactor. The product will stop producing if any of the reactants is used up. The reactant that is being used up first is the limiting reagent. Normally, limiting reagent is the more expensive reagent. Because it can save up cost of production as it is considered wasteful if there is any expensive reagent not used up. Ethyl acetate, being the more expensive reagent, will be the limiting reagent in wise. There are also two equations relating to the batch process. Final Output-Initial Output = Generation Consumption If there is no reaction, Initial Input= Final Output (Product=Reactants) (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2 2.4 Conductivity Conductivity is a measure of an electrolyte of its ability to conduct electricity. (Wikipedia 2009) The S.I unit of conductivity is Siemens per metre (S/m). Conductivity measurements are usually used in many industrial and environmental applications. This is because it has been proven as a fast, inexpensive way of measuring the ionic content of a solution. For example, the measurement of product conductivity is done so by tracing the performance of the water purification system under close monitor. In many cases, conductivity is linked directly to the total dissolved solids (T.D.S). High quality deionised water has a conductivity values of about 5.5 lS/m, drinking water is in the range of five-fifty mS/m while sea water is about 5 S/m. The reason why sea water has such high conductivity because of the ionic compounds dissolved in it and all of them are conductor of electricity. The most basic compound dissolved in seawater is table salt, Sodium Chloride. For this experiment, the result that is required is the conductivity of sodium hydroxide solution after reacting with ethyl acetate for a certain period of time. The amount of time set for the reaction is twenty minutes and it can be adjusted accordingly. 2.5 Yield Yield is the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. The units of yield can be given in grams or in moles. To be exact, yield is also defined as the mole/s of desired product formed per mole of key reactant fed into the reactor. This experiment also required the students to find out the yield or how much the products it has which is the desired product sodium acetate. Even though ethanol is still considered as a product, it is a by-product and hence the yield is not required to find out. 3 Procedure (Singapore Polytechnic 2009). 3.1 Pre- Assessment activity Before starting the experiment, besides preparing the starting reagents, students have to ensure what are the equipments required for this experiment. After checking it, make sure to rinsed all apparatus with D.I water to ensure no impurities present in any of the equipments. There is also a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) that tell us the nature of NaOH and ethyl acetate. The data sheet also tells us what are the hazards and the safety precaution to take note of for these two compounds. 3.2 How to Prepare the Starting Reactant Firstly, students must read how to handle NaOH and ethyl acetate and the recommended way of disposing these two chemicals. Disposable gloves and chemical goggles is a must as even if the chemical spilled out, the glove will prevent the chemicals from harming the students. 500ml of ethyl acetate is to be prepared at this stage as the concentration is being discussed during the pre- assessment activity. Students may use the measuring cylinder to measure the required volume of both reactants and the volume is the pre-determined during the pre-assessment activity. Then both are being poured into the 500ml volumetric flask respectively. The solutions are to be filled up to the 500ml mark for both reactants. 3.3 Experimental Setup Pour in the NaOH solution to the reactor. Alter the set up condition accordingly by the discussed by the group earlier same as the volume used for the reactants. Make sure it is approved by the lecturer. Remember to record down the reaction of conditions such as the stirring speed of the stirrer, concentrations, temperature and the volume of the reactants. Make sure the conductivity probe is inside the solution. Pour NaOH in first. Then when ethyl acetate solution is poured in, start the timer immediately. Record the value every 1 minute and this goes on up to 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, stop the stirring device and remove the magnetic bar using the magnetic rod. Clean all the equipments properly (e.g. Clean the conductivity probe with D.I water etc). Before doing so, pour all the unwanted solution to the containers respectively. Repeat the experiment again with different condition. Repeat the steps mentioned above. Tidy up the workplace and the experiment is considered done. 4 Results And Calculation 4.1 How to Determine the Yield of Sodium Acetate at 15 Minutes for 0.01M of Ethyl Acetate? The yield of sodium acetate at 15 minutes can be determined by the concentration of NaOH. From the concentration, students can find out the amount of mole of NaOH and also by the molar ratio of NaOH and ethyl acetate. By making use of the results form the procedure, students can also find out the concentration of NaOH and ethyl acetate. Theoretical Mole of NaOH = 0.01 X 0.5L = 0.005 mol Actual Mole of NaOH = 0.00156 X 0.5L = 0.00078mol Number of moles reacted = 0.005 0.00078 = 0.00422mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00422/0.005 X 100% = 84.4% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00078 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00078/0.005 =0.156 4.2 What Is the Yield When 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate Solution Used At 15 Minutes? Theoretical mole of NaOH = 0.02 X 0.5L = 0.01 mol Actual mole of NaOH = 0.0017 X 0.5L = 0.00085mol Number of moles reacted = 0.01 0.00085 = 0.00915mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00915/0.01 X 100% = 91.5% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, Actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00085 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00085/0.01 = 0.085 5 4.3 What Is the Rate of Reaction When 0.01M And 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate? Figure 1: Rate of reaction for 0.01M of ethyl acetate Figure:2 Rate of reaction for 0.02M of ethyl acetate 6 4.4 How to Determine Rate Constant The rate constant can also be determined by the graph except by drawing a tangent line against it as the tangent line mean the rate is going at a constant rate. Figure 3: Rate constant for 0.01M of ethyl acetate Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00265-0.0012 Ã · 20 1 = 0.0000763 (From the graph) Figure 4: Rate constant of 0.02M of ethyl acetate Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00275 0.00125 Ã · 20 1 = 0.0000789 (From the graph) 7 Discussion 5.1 Factors Affecting Rate of Constant The factor that may affect rate of constant is temperature of the reactor, concentration of the reactants, pressure or volume of the reactants. Firstly, as temperature rises, it can lead to a higher probability of particles colliding each other. Hence it will increase rate of reaction with an increase of the temperature, the moving speed of the molecules increases, with higher moving speed, it will increase the chances of molecules colliding to each other, therefore increases the rate of reaction. However, during the experiment, the temperature of the reactor was keep constant at a range of 23.5oC which is at room temperature, therefore, temperature was not taken in to account in this experiment. Secondly, concentration of the reactors, with a high concentration of the reactant, the rate of reaction with also increases. This is caused by the increasing number of particles in a reactant. With larger amount of particles, the successful rate of particles colliding in to each other are higher, therefore cater to a faster rate of reaction. However, as we are conducting the experiments, instruction of using a constant concentration of the reactant were told, therefore, concentration of the reactant is also not to be taken in to account. 5.2 Factors Affecting Conversion and Yield The equation above have NaOH and ethyl acetate as their reactants and sodium acetate and ethanol as the products formed. As indicated on the lab manual, the amount of NaOH used is fixed at 0.1M, therefore reactant A is ethyl acetate and the desired product is sodium acetate. The factors that affect the yield of the desired product are the volume and concentration of reactant A which are fed in to the reactor. With an increment of both the volume and concentration of reactant A, the number of moles of the reactant will increase. Two experiments were done to prove that volume can cater to a different yield. The first trail of the experiment, the volume of ethyl acetate was set to 0.49cm3 and on the second trial, 0.92cm3. The yield of the product decreased as the volume increased, this was proven as the yield of the second reaction was lower than the first. 8 Factors Affecting Conductivity Values Mainly, there are two main factors that are affecting the conductivity values. There are the speed of the stirrer and rate of reaction. When the speed of the stirrer increases, the conductivity values decreases. This is because it introduces more collisions between the particles and hence more products are formed at the same time. As more NaOH is being converted to sodium acetate, the conductivity value will increase as mainly NaOH is the best conductor of electricity present within the reaction and vice versa. Temperature indeed affects the conductivity values but as the temperature during the reaction is being kept constant, it will not be any of the factors that affect the reaction. Precautions In Experiment There are some precautions taken for the experiment. For example, when handle corrosive or volatile chemicals such as NaOH or ethyl acetate, make sure to wear disposable glove and avoid smelling ethyl acetate as it is a volatile liquid. Also, the smell of ethyl acetate is harmful to our body and when are diluting it, it is best to wear a surgical mask while extracting the pure ethyl acetate solution. While doing the experiment, wear safety goggles at all times to prevent the spurring of the reactants during the chemical reaction. After doing the experiment, also make sure that the magnet is taken out by the magnetic rod and not take it by the hand itself. This is because chemicals present in the beaker may not have reacted completely and traces of reactants may still be found present in the solution. This is a common mistake made by students as some of them will take it out by bare hand after realizing they did not take it out before washing. Comparison between the Yields of Different Concentration of Ethyl Acetate. Yield obtained in 0.01M of ethyl acetate is 78% while yield obtained in 0.02M of ethyl acetate is 85%. After comparing the yield between the two concentrations of ethyl acetate, 0.02M of ethyl acetate tends to have higher yield than 0.01M of ethyl acetate solution. The result is the same as the hypothesis made at the start of the report. This is because as there are more molecules of ethyl acetate present during the reaction. The rate of reaction increases because of the kinetic particle theory. The kinetic particle theory states that as more molecules collide during the reaction, it will form more products. Hence, yield will increase as more products are formed. 9 Comparison between the rates of reaction of different concentration of ethyl acetate. The curve was smoother in 0.01M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.02M of ethyl acetate. This is because with a high concentration of the reactant, the rate of reaction with also increases. This is caused by the increasing number of particles in a reactant. With larger amount of particles, the successful rate of particles colliding in to each other are higher, therefore cater to a faster rate of reaction. Hence, rate of reaction was faster in 0.02M of ethyl acetate compared to 0.01M of ethyl acetate. 10 6. Conclusion In conclusion, the aim that was made at the start of the experiment was successful as students has indeed learnt the fundamentals of material balance that even though the time required to make the product varies with the amount of products, anything that goes in must also get out is the main point that the students learnt. There are many factors that can affect the condition studied. This includes temperature, pressure, volume, rate of reaction, conversion and yield etc. Also, as the NaOH concentration increases, the conductivity values also increases and vice versa. This is the same hypothesis made in this report and therefore it can be concluded that the hypothesis is correct. 11

Gender Still Plays a Role in the Workplace :: work discrimination

Gender Still Plays a Role in the Workplace Since the nineteen twenties women of America have been considered equal citizens of our country, and had to work hard in order to obtain that equality in the workplace. One may reconsider the success rate of females in America, and if they really have made it as far as popular belief may have it. Of course, American women can vote, can hold office, and they can work, which is more than can be said for some countries. But do both sexes really hold equal in the workplace regarding manners of salary and respect? Does the corporate executive world really take women seriously? These are some of the arguments made by women today that do not feel that they are being treated equal in the workplace. On the other hand, those who believe women are treated equally usually reason that differences balance out in statistics, things such as majority of teachers are women, and women also have a hold on the entrepreneur side of businesses. The voices that are still screaming come from an audien ce who feel that women still have a long way to go before achieving a status of total equality. We may just not be being told any information. In Lenny Liebmann's article, "Mending the Gender Gap," he reveals that women earn an average of $18,000 less annually than men. He further reports that the US Census Bureau states the male/female pay differential ranges between 15-50%, depending on the industry and the job title. Not to mention that within the Fortune 1000, 95% of all executive positions were held by men in 1997. (62-63) Although these examples could prove a case in the corporate world some may take defense by balancing with further statistics. It is stated in Clayton Collin's article, "Why Girls May Still Need an Edge," that women in America may not be at the top of the corporate ladder, but they do hold around forty percent of all privately owned businesses in the United States. (11) So, even though women haven't quite proven themselves to the corporate world, they have most certainly conquered a portion in the entrepreneur world and in a big way. That is definitely a positive point for America's look on gender equality in the workplace. This same viewpoint could throw the fact that male babysitters and male elementary teachers are less common to homes and classrooms than women.

Final study guide peds

Monitor & Co's for balance, Dally weights most Important. Nutrition fluids/delete/internal (gut) feedings/TIP. Medications admit protocol, path, meds dioxin *ion chromo, toxicity =n/v, halo, labs 0. 5-Eng, apical HER. Watch K+ levels(3. 5-5. 5) don't give if hypo because ? Diuretics, morphine Protocols for giving meds to children know weight, give parents s/s side effects, don't regime meds if child thru it up because you don't know how much they got, parents need to know the dos/don't of medications.Don't tell them Its candy. Always start off with your first action being nursing. Example position before 02. Respiratory-remember everything is smaller Nose breathers till 6 weeks(? ) NSA assessment D, nose flaring, grunting, nasal flaring, anxiety (restlessness fidgety or listlessness), tachyon, sweating, BAG, 02 stats.. Interventions position increase head of bed, suction, 02, medication, do in that order. Care of tracheotomy. Know NC, blow by, mask. .NET, et as far as 02 methods. Nur sing care management Pre-pop Postoperative Care Positioning -prone with head turned to the side Careful suctioning, only if necessary NO coughing, clearing throat, blowing nose Inspect all vomits for s/s fresh bleeding Pain management Entitlement as needed Cool water, ice pops no red or brown colored liquids C] No milk or ice cream Neuron Always a change in LOC is right unless it's already In the question. Especially with ICP. Know fontanels.For MS focus on the word document on EBB Corollary Increase In growth hormone after bones have closed C.V.- cardiac defects cyanic ?hyperemia & agnostic= not as severe hyperemia as cyanic pale TWOFOLD, AAA, AS, AURA SODA atrium VOSS ventricle construes aorta PDA closure DAD HP For all of this know top 3 AND, measles, BBC, nursing and perfusion(C)) positioning semi or high fowlers, decrease HOB if in shock or if crease BP to get blood back to the heart. Monitor I & Co's for balance, Daily weights most important.

Make Your Persuasive Essay Perfect with Our Writing Tips

Make Your Persuasive Essay Perfect with Our Writing Tips Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay Before writing any type of essay, it is crucial to determine its main purpose. Why is it important? Because the structure, the style and even the language you will use should be selected accordingly. Writing a persuasive essay usually requires a lot of efforts and time, which means that you should start working on it in advance. Before you proceed to write a persuasive paper, make sure you have looked through valuable writing tips that would simplify the process and provide you with the necessary background knowledge not to do the same job twice. First of all, divide your writing task into several stages, such as preparation, writing, editing and proof-reading. Preparation Stage Choose a topic which you are interested in enough and which would comprise ambivalent ideas. Decide which position you support. Investigate the issue in all directions. Pick up the strongest evidence for and against that would impress the reader and impact his/her attitude. Writing Stage This phase of your work will be much easier if youve followed the tips of the preparation stage. Youve done a huge progress in coming closer to the writing process and already have the material to give a verbal shape for your thoughts and transform them into the written text. Remember that your persuasive paper has to correspond to the fixed structure, which consists of the introduction, main body and conclusions and in whole includes five or six paragraphs. A relatively short introductory paragraph should contain up to 4 sentences and reveal intentions and position you stand for: The first sentence is known as a hook sentence that would capture the readers attention and make him/her want to read further. Next two sentences should provide the reader with a general overview of the problem. Finally, finish your introductory paragraph with a thesis statement and clearly state your attitude. The main body of a persuasive essay usually comprises three paragraphs, each of which is devoted to one solid evidence. Dont overload your body paragraphs with too many supporting details. Three points for and one against are enough to convince the reader or change his/her viewpoint. The conclusion, by-turn, is nothing else but restating and emphasizing o the key aspects, youve mentioned in the main body paragraphs of the essay. Make sure you dont use the same vocabulary. Editing Stage Its a high time to proceed to edit your treasure! Pay attention to congruency, consistency and grammatical correctness of the essay. Check on evidence and language relevance or, even better, ask a literate person to help you. Proof-Reading Stage Its not the end yet. Your final but not any less important writing stage is a proof-reading. Its better to read your final draft after a while. Otherwise, it wont be very effective. Let your mind rest a bit and only after that have a fresh look at your persuasive essay. We hope our writing tips helped you to improve your writing skills and made you one step closer to perfection.

Does the Potato Diet Work Learn the Truth Behind This Hyped Health Hack

Does the Potato Diet Work Learn the Truth Behind This Hyped Health Hack SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What is the potato diet? Does the potato diet work? Is it healthy? In this total guide to the potato diet or the potato hack, we’ll go over what this diet is, why it’s become so notable recently, and the potato diet results you can expect. We’ll also discuss if the potato diet is healthy, if you should do it, and how to make it go smoothly if you do decide to potato diet. Finally, we’ll provide some potato hack recipes. What Is the Potato Diet? There are several types of potato diets, but they all involve eating cooked potatoes and very little else for a certain amount of time. So the â€Å"potato diet† (or â€Å"potato hack†) is basically what it sounds like- a diet of potatoes! However, not everyone does the potato diet the same way. Because of all the variations out there, there are two major questions you need to ask about any particular potato diet: how long you do the potato diet and exactly what you can eat on the potato diet. How Long Is the Potato Diet? You can do a potato diet for any length of time, but in general, there are two potato diet â€Å"camps†: the short-term potato diet (or the â€Å"potato hack†), and the long-term potato diet. Short term potato diet/potato hack: For short-term weight loss of a few pounds, many people do the â€Å"potato hack,† and only eat potatoes for a short amount of time. The typical length of time is 2-3 days, but some people go up to a week. The idea behind the â€Å"potato hack† is that by completing one every once in awhile, you can maintain a particular weight without long-term super-restrictive dieting. Potato hacking was pioneered by Tim Steele (anchor link), who claims to have based the potato hack on an 1849 diet plan for â€Å"dyspeptics.† Long-term potato diet: For major weight loss over a long period of time, some people will do a potato diet for multiple months at a time. This is what notable Australian potato dieter Andrew Taylor did- he went an entire year eating only potatoes, plus a few seasonings. The potato says, "look deep into my eyes..." What Can I Eat on the Potato Diet? Sadly, potato chips, french fries, mashed potatoes with lots of cream and butter, and other high-fat, high-salt potato foods are not allowed on any potato diets. Other than that, there’s a surprising amount of variation in potato diet plans. This variation tends to have three types: First, there’s variation in what kinds of potatoes you can eat. In some potato diets, you eat nothing but cooked white potatoes. Some allow you to eat the skin, and some have you peel the potatoes. (Note that the potato skin does have lots of nutrients and fiber). Some potato diets allow you to eat any variety of cooked potato: white, russet, gold, new, fingerling, blue, red, and so on and so forth. There are even potato diet plans that allow you to include sweet potatoes and yams. In fact, some variations have you consume an all-sweet potato diet! Second, there’s variation in what oils and seasonings are allowed. Some potato diets hold to a strict no-seasonings and no oils rule- just plain potatoes. There are potato diets that allow small amounts of low-calorie seasonings (like spices and hot sauces) but no oils or other add-ins. Some potato diets let you use small amounts of healthy oils (like olive oil) and non-dairy milks (for mashed potatoes). Just so long as you aren’t adding lots of high-calorie and/or high-fat ingredients to your potatoes (like heaping your baked potato with cheese and sour cream), the granular particulars of the seasonings you consume on your potato diet probably don’t make a huge difference in the outcome. Third, there’s variation in how you are allowed to cook the potatoes. Super-strict potato diets may allow you to eat only boiled potatoes, or put you on a 100% baked potato diet! Others allow you some flexibility to bake, roast, saute, or boil potatoes as you please, just so long as you meet the other guidelines about oils and seasonings. Note that there are usually beverage restrictions on a potato diet, too. Water, coffee, and tea (without milk or sugar) are the most commonly allowed beverages. You won’t be doing much good if you’re eating only potatoes but drinking a gallon of Coke every day! No potato casserole for you on this diet! Who’s Doing the Potato Diet? The potato diet movement has circulated in Paleo diet circles, with many Paleo bloggers giving rave potato diet reviews. This is actually a departure from the typical Paleo focus on lots of meat. There have also been some high-profile potato dieters in recent years. Here’s a rundown of the biggest figures in the potato diet world: Australian man Andrew Taylor ate only potatoes for a year. In the first month of his all-potato diet, he lost 22 pounds; over the course of the year, he went from weighing 334.4 pounds (151.7 kg) to 218 pounds (99 kg). He says that he began the diet as a way to combat his out-of-control food addiction. According to Taylor, he got 99% of his calories from potatoes (including sweet potatoes) and only 1% from seasonings and spices (and, apparently, the occasional beer). He’s since written a book called DIY Spud Fit to help other prospective long-term potato dieters. None other than magician Penn Jillette (of Penn Teller fame) kick-started a year-long, 100-pound weight loss regime by eating nothing but five skinless potatoes a day for two weeks. He lost 18 pounds during that two-week period. Afterwards, he transitioned to a â€Å"nutritarian diet† and lost 100 pounds over the course of a year. He, too, has written a book about his weight-loss experience, called Presto! How I Made 100 Pounds Disappear and Other Magical Tales. Chris Voigt, the Potato Commissioner of Washington State, spent 60 days eating 20 potatoes a day to try to prove that potatoes are healthier than people give them credit for. He included some oil, salt, and seasonings. While he wasn’t trying to lose weight, he did lose 21 pounds and saw some other nutritional benefits. Tim Steele, creator of the potato hack, is another notable potato diet figure. He believes that potato hacking helps the gut microbiome to become more diverse and that this helps digestion. He has an entire blog and a self-published book dedicated to potato hacking. Mr. Squiggles is also considering the potato diet. Does the Potato Diet Work? Can eating potatoes and nothing but potatoes really lead to weight loss? What are the potato diet results you can expect? After all, potatoes are very starchy and typically avoided by dieters. Surprisingly, it seems like the potato diet can lead to weight loss. You probably noticed that most of the potato diet proponents mentioned above experienced some fairly dramatic potato diet results: Andrew Taylor lost over 100 pounds in 12 months. Penn Teller lost 18 pounds in two weeks. Chris Voigt lost 21 pounds in two months. It is clearly possible, then, to lose weight on the potato diet. But why does the potato diet make you lose weight? Weight loss is caused by a caloric deficit- basically, you use more food energy than you take in. For most potato dieters, the diet isn’t about consciously limiting calories. You are supposed to eat (potatoes, of course) whenever you get hungry, and eat until you are full. However, you may go into a caloric deficit (and thus lose weight) on the potato diet for two major reasons: Potatoes keep you full: The potato has an unusually high satiety index. This means that people feel fuller for longer after eating potatoes than almost any other food. If you feel fuller, you won’t need to eat as often. This means you’ll probably eat fewer calories. Fewer calories means you are more likely to go into caloric deficit and use more energy than you are taking in. You’ll get bored of potatoes: Eventually, you will get bored of potatoes, which will also cause you to eat less in quantity and less frequently. You won’t be stuffing yourself with extra bites when you are already stuffed because you’ll be tired of eating potatoes. And you won’t necessarily want to do a whole lot of snacking when your only option is a potato. You may want to commit unspeakable crimes against potatoes by the time you're done potato hacking. Is the Potato Diet Healthy? Of course, just because the potato diet results in weight loss doesn’t mean that the potato diet is actually good for you. While there may be some short-term health benefits to the potato diet, in the long-term, it’s not good for you. Why the Short-Term Potato Diet Could Be Healthy There are a few reasons why a short-term potato diet may have some health benefits: Potatoes Are Pretty Good for You If you’ve dieted before, you may have been told that white potatoes are â€Å"bad† for you. This is not actually true. Lots of what is bad about eating a lot of potatoes does not have anything to do with the potatoes themselves. What do I mean by this? Well, think about the most common potato dishes: potato chips, french fries, mashed potatoes loaded with cream and butter, potato skins, twice-baked potatoes, potato gratins, and so on. These are often fried and full of bad fats and salt, with ingredients like heavy cream, bacon bits, and gobs of cheese. It’s not the potatoes that are the problem here! People say that potatoes have a high glycemic index, but it actually varies depending on the type of potato and how it is cooked. Additionally, glycemic index doesn’t tell the whole nutritional story. Potatoes may be starchier than your average vegetable, but they are still a vegetable, and are packed with valuable nutrients. Just so long as you don’t plan on subsisting only on potatoes for your entire life, eating potatoes for a few days can actually be quite healthy. If you’re doing a sweet potato diet, sweet potatoes have a similar macronutrient profile as regular potatoes (With 7.7% of calories coming from protein, 91.7% from carbs, and only .6% from fat). However, they have more sugars and less starch, and a different spread of micronutrients (including huge quantities of Vitamin A). It turns out potatoes are lot healthier when you don't fry them in oil or slather them in butter, cream, and cheese. Who knew? You Aren’t Eating Unhealthy Fats and Sugars In addition to being surprisingly nutritious on their own, eating nothing but potatoes has another benefit: if you’re eating only potatoes, you aren’t eating all of the unhealthy sugars and fats you would normally eat. The typical American diet is very unhealthy. Even people who are trying to eat right are often surprised to find how many of their foods contain added sugars. So, by doing the potato diet, you are naturally cutting out lots of unhealthy foods you might normally consume. Of course, the potato diet is far from the only way to do this, but it is a health benefit. You can see the impact of this in Chris Voigt’s two-month potato diet: his bad cholesterol, blood glucose, and triglyceride levels all went down. This was likely due to a combination of potatoes’ heart-disease fighting qualities and the lack of intake of unhealthy fats and sugars during this time. You Can Change Your Relationship to Food Even a short-run potato diet can help you adjust your relationship to food. It can help you realize things like how often you eat when you’re bored or tired and how often you crave particular unhealthy foods. If you can push through the first couple days, you will likely find that your cravings decrease and you have a better sense of when you are hungry and when you are full. Another potential benefit of a short-term potato diet is that it can help you transition to a healthier diet afterwards. After eating nothing but potatoes for several days, pretty much any other foods will feel like a luxurious treat. So it’s a good chance to try to start some healthy habits after the potato hack. (Don’t be too restrictive- more on that below. But consider implementing some smaller changes like preparing healthier breakfasts without added sugars, eating fruits and veggies for snacks, and cutting down on sugary beverages.) Look at all the sweet, beautiful vegetables you can eat when you're done with your potato hack. Why the Potato Diet Is Unhealthy in the Long Run While potato hacking occasionally may have some health benefits, in the long run, the potato diet is not very good for you. Nutritionists’ potato diet reviews are not good. Here's why: Essential Nutrient Deficits While potatoes are much healthier than people typically believe they are, no one food can provide all of the essential nutrients you need for life indefinitely. Any mono diet (a diet where you consume only one thing) leads to long-term nutritional deficits. If you consume only potatoes, about 92% of your calories will come from carbs, 1% from fats, and 7% from protein. That’s not enough fat or protein. Fat is essential for brain function, and protein is essential for muscle function, the immune system, hair and nail strength, and bone health. You will also end up with micronutrient deficiencies. Micronutrients (like vitamins and minerals) play a key role in lots of our body functions, including immune function. Nutritionist Alyosa Hourigan pointed to the lack of bio-available iron in potatoes as a major issue with Andrew Taylor’s year of spuds. And iron deficiency leads to anemia. If you’re doing a sweet potato diet, note that long-term, you may end up with excess Vitamin A. Lost Muscle Mass Remember how we just said protein is essential for muscle function? Without enough protein, your muscles will start wasting. So you’ll keep losing weight, but you’ll be losing muscle mass, not fat. And the problem with this is that losing muscle mass lowers your metabolism. And a lower metabolism means weight loss becomes even harder to maintain. When you do lose weight, it’s important that you try to preserve as much muscle as possible. This helps your weight loss be more healthy and sustainable. Disordered Eating Patterns A short-term potato diet can act as a useful â€Å"reset† to some of your unhealthy eating habits. However, long-term potato dieting is so restrictive that it becomes its own kind of unhealthy eating habit! Eating only one food (like potatoes) or food group (like fruits) long-term is called a mono diet or monotrophic diet and is a recent fad in the dieting world. One major figure in the mono-diet world is Freelee the Banana girl, who regularly eats over 30 bananas a day. But this sort of mono dieting long-term can promote an unhealthy relationship with food, because it doesn’t actually build healthy eating habits- it just removes the element of choice completely from the equation, instead of helping you learn how to create healthy meals and snacks. Overall, it’s much better to address your underlying issues with your relationship with food instead of transitioning to another disordered eating pattern, even if it’s nominally â€Å"healthier† and causing weight loss. You're doing the potato diet for six months? But why? Should You Do the Potato Diet? Based on the available evidence of its long-term nutritional harms, I can’t recommend doing a long-term potato diet. Even if you are able to lose lots of weight on this diet, the truth is that in the long run, most restrictive diets do not work. People usually regain the lost weight. While Penn Jillette and Andrew Taylor had some pretty dramatic potato diet before and after stories, it’s too early to see if their major weight losses will last. For long-term healthy weight loss, you need to make gradual, sustainable changes to your food habits and physical activities. This doesn’t mean that you can’t use a short â€Å"potato hack† to help kick cravings and start out a new food regimen. You just have to remember that you will have to maintain sustained changes in your food choices once the potato diet is over. If you don’t plan carefully and create a long-term diet that you can live with, you run the risk of returning to unhealthy eating habits as soon as the potato diet is over and just regaining all the weight. Another reason to do a short potato hack is to lose a little weight quickly for a big event. This is fine just so long as you realize that you almost certainly will not keep the weight off if you don’t make other lifestyle changes. The potato diet: little-known red carpet preparation secret? Potato Diet Plans: How to Make a Potato Diet Work If you’ve decided to try potato hacking, how can you make the process go smoothly? Here are three tips to help you make a potato or sweet potato diet plan: Note: If you are worried about your eating habits, I suggest that you speak with a nutritionist instead of attempting a long-term potato diet. However, most of these tips for short-term potato hacking would also apply to a long-term potato diet. Choose an Optimal Time to Potato Hack Profound misery should not be the main impact of your potato hack. Starting a short-term potato diet around Christmas or other holidays, right before your birthday, during a vacation, or during any time where there is likely to be lots of social celebration involving food is not a good idea. First, you are really hampering your chances of successfully completing the hack. Second, even if you can bring yourself to finish it, all of the built-up temptation and frustration from seeing lots of yummy foods really increases the risk of binging on junk immediately after finishing. This completely negates the point of potato hacking in the first place. Remember, for the potato diet to really work, it has to be accompanied by long-term, sustainable changes in what you eat. Buy Enough Potatoes Because potatoes are cheap and keep for a while, it makes sense to buy enough potatoes for the entire hack before starting. You can invest in a variety of potato types, or go all in on one kind. This way you won’t have to run to the store- and right into the heart of temptation- mid-potato-hack. Tim Steele, potato hack pioneer, says you should plan to go through 3-5 pounds of potatoes a day. Cook Some Potatoes in Advance Cook a bunch of potatoes the day before you start your potato hack. You could bake some, or boil some, or both. This way you will have a ready-made stock of potatoes to come back to throughout your hack that you don’t have to spend time preparing. It will also save time if you want to make something like mashed potatoes, potato pancakes, or hash browns, because the first step will already be done. You don’t necessarily have to cook enough potatoes for the entire hack at the beginning, but having a ready stock will make the entire experience more convenient and less onerous. Eating nothing but potatoes is tedious enough; no need to compound the boredom by having to painstakingly boil, bake, or roast potatoes before every single meal. Plan Ahead for Meals and Snacks Plan ahead? You may be thinking. Why would I need to plan my meals ahead? I already know I’ll be eating potatoes! To make the potato hack work, you need to have cooked potatoes ready and with you when you need them. This means that you need to pack potatoes for your lunch and for snacks when you leave for work or school in the morning. If you have access to a microwave, you may be able to quick-bake a potato on the premises. You also need to call ahead at restaurants and make sure they can prepare something like a plain baked potato for you. (It’s probably easiest to just avoid restaurants while you are potato hacking, but sometimes it can’t be helped.) Free fourth tip: you might want to wash those potatoes. Potato Diet Recipes Looking for some potato hack recipes? We’ve compiled several potato diet recipes you can use with little adjustment. Note that for these potato hack recipes, it’s important to choose the right potato for what you are making. We even have a couple of sweet potato diet recipes! The Baked Potato- From Low Fat Vegan Chef This oil-free baked potato recipe is potato hack friendly! They recommend russet potatoes, which is the classic baking potato. The Boiled Potato- From Better Homes and Gardens This guide to boiling potatoes provides advice on selecting and preparing your potatoes for boiling. Oven Baked Fries- From This Rawsome Vegan Life These oil-free oven-baked fries are baked on parchment paper. They are seasoned with garlic powder, black pepper, and lemon juice, but you can adjust to best fit your own potato hack. Dairy-Free Mashed Potatoes- From Forks Over Knives This potato-hack-friendly mashed potato recipe uses the starchy cooking water from boiling the potatoes to moisten the mash. Baked Potato Pancakes/Latkes- From Plants Rule This recipe for oven-baked potato pancakes recommends using potato starch as a binding agent for the latkes- perfect for an all-potato diet! Oil-Free Hash Browns- From Straight Up Food With a nonstick pan, oil-free hash browns are a breeze! This recipe calls for powdered onion or garlic, but you can season as you please (or not, if your potato hack is seasonings-free). Potato Wedges- From SF Gate This recipe has you adhere spices with citrus or vinegar to avoid using oil, so you may need to skip it if you’re totally seasonings-free on your potato hack. Otherwise, it’s a great potato diet recipe! Healthy Sweet Potato Fries- From the Road Not Processed This sweet potato fries recipe finishes cooking the fries under the broiler to get some caramelization. The author suggests some seasonings, but these are not necessary. Sweet Potato Latkes- From Skinny Taste These latkes use eggs as a binding agent and a small amount of oil, so this is only appropriate for a more flexible potato hack. However, you could also try substituting sweet potatoes in any of the above potato recipes (including the latke recipe) and see how it goes. Mmm, a conservatively spiced potato! The Bottom Line on Potato Diets During a potato diet or potato hack, you consume primarily potatoes for some designated length of time (with some variation in seasonings, potato varieties, and cooking methods). Some people do longer potato diets for major weight loss, while others do short term potato hacks for a few days to help maintain a particular weight or lose a few pounds before an event. Does the potato diet work? An all-potato diet results in weight loss for two major reasons: Potatoes keep you full for longer, so you eat less You get bored of potatoes, so you eat less But is it healthy? A short term potato hack may have the following benefits: Potatoes are actually pretty healthy. Because you’re eating potatoes, you aren’t eating all the other fats and sugars you would normally eat. The monotony of a potato diet may help you change your relationship to food- you will get a better sense of when you are full, and when you are eating because you are bored. However, a long-term potato diet is unhealthy for the following reasons: Over time, you’ll develop major nutrient deficits. With a lack of protein, you’ll have muscle wasting, which will slow down your metabolism. Mono diets can actually contribute to an unhealthy relationship with food instead of addressing it. The truth is that most diets don’t work in the long run. For a diet to really be effective, you need to make manageably and sustainable changes. So while a short-term potato hack is potentially a useful tool to kick-start some dietary habit changes or to lose some weight fast for an event, a long-term potato diet is too restrictive to work for most people. If you do decide to potato hack, here are some tips to help with your potato diet plan: Choose a good time to potato hack when it won’t be too difficult to stay on track. Buy enough potatoes at the start of the hack to last you through the hack (3-5 lbs/day) Cook some potatoes in advance of starting the hack. Plan when you’ll need potato snacks and meals (like work lunches) in advance. Finally, we provided some potato hack recipes to help you prepare for a potato hack. Happy hacking! Potatoes, potatoes everywhere. What's Next? Thinking about the potato diet because you're worried about your heart health? See our guide to understanding your blood pressure, learn what side of your body your heart is on, and figure out what you should do if you're feeling pain under your left breast. The potato diet could really change up your digestion. Let us tell you what green poop means. Curious about what other household ingredients can do for you? We can tell you about all the benefits of black seed oil and let you know how coconut oil can make your hair beautiful.

Munch's The Scream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Munch's The Scream - Essay Example The sky and the landscape stand in contrast to each other, depicting how these emotions are all present inside us, creating inner conflict and tension. The straight lines and dull brown and gray colors of the bridge are the only stable and uniform part of the painting. Yet even this bridge isn’t safe for it’s completely surrounded by the anxiety all around nature, gradually becoming a part of the chaotic feelings. For example, the red and golden light from the sky vividly reflects off of the railings showing how every place is touched by such fear and panic. The figure is almost as curvy as the lines of the landscape as if it is being sucked in by all the strong feelings and being absorbed by them. Also, the fact that the figure isn’t represented as either a male or female shows how these feelings are a part of all of us regardless of gender. The face is devoid of any hair or accessories, instead it is stripped down to its most basic form, a gray skull expressing the horror all around. The black lines of the clothing are melting into the bridge becoming a part of the environment, unable to escape. Munch has painted the figure at the forefront, almost walking off the bridge and towards the viewer. With the dark red and angry sky swirling above a cold, blue landscape, we can practically hear the agonizing scream.

Mid-Term Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mid-Term - Essay Example She loves new experiences, unstructured work activities and creative space. This means that her qualities suit any industry that involves a great deal of interactions, communication and creativity. This includes marketing and advertising, product development, design (both fashion and industrial), teaching, research, social work, and information technology (IT). These fields will exploit Chris’s strengths and allow her to thrive. She will also have the opportunity to make a difference, directly and indirectly, to people’s lives. Research is a highly demanding career that involves spending a lot of time alone. This will compliment Chris’s introverted nature and allow her to be in her element. While pursuing research, she can use her progressive, out-of-the-box mindset, investigative traits, analytical skills, dynamism, and vision to conduct research that can change the lives of people around the world. Her introverted nature would be ideal for laboratory work, since most research involves conducting lab experiments, analyzing data, and establishing and decoding patterns and relationships. As a teacher, Chris can use her analytical skills to engage her students and to develop new pedagogical methods that improve their learning experience. She is also likely to benefit from the psychological dimension of teaching, which involves evaluating students to determine their strengths and weaknesses and how to improve their performances. Her affinity for new experiences, goal-setting and time-consciousness, and creativity will allow her to carry out her teaching duties at the highest possible standards. Finally, since she is a visionary, she can inspire her students to work harder and improve so that they can achieve their goals. She would find assisting students grow and develop a highly fulfilling endeavor. Chris needs a workplace where she can participate in social, investigative, and artistic activities. Her investigative nature requires